tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-24164085304724391182024-03-08T13:08:01.405-08:00Admission essays for collegeInteresting Research Paper Topics For College StudentsTony Padillahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18108597118313242549noreply@blogger.comBlogger54125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2416408530472439118.post-1999101341100231202020-08-28T04:18:00.001-07:002020-08-28T04:18:04.903-07:00Employment responsibilities EssayComprehend work obligations and rights in wellbeing, social consideration or kids and youthful people groups settings. Result 1 know the legal obligations and privileges of representatives and bosses inside own zone of work 1 Health and security, the lowest pay permitted by law, working hours, uniformity 2 Health and Safety at Work Act 1974: A demonstration set up to care for the wellbeing, security and government assistance of individuals at work, for ensuring others against dangers to wellbeing or security regarding the exercises of individuals at work. Fairness Act 2010: This demonstration legitimately shields individuals from separation in the work environment. Business Rights Act 1996: This demonstration clarifies what rights representatives have in a position of work. For instance, time off work, ensured wages, excusal and excess. 3 To secure representatives against conditions they may look in their working lives. Each individual who works for a business is shielded from separation in the working environment, has the privilege to get the national the lowest pay permitted by law, and to work close to 48 hours out of every week except if they wish to. These representative rights apply whether or not the worker or specialist is transitory, fixed-term or lasting, or to what extent they have worked for the business. These laws give decides and guidelines that must be followed. 4 Sources and kinds of data and exhortation accessible can be, talking straightforwardly to chiefs, understanding approaches and methodology, looking on the web (direct.gov.uk) , setting off to a resident guidance authority or joining an association. Result 2 comprehend concurred methods of working that ensure own relationship with manager 1 My agreement of work at Crown House covers the accompanying : work title, trial period, work environment, pay, conclusions, long stretches of work, overtime, time recording, brief timeframe working and lay off, yearly occasions, open occasions, wiped out compensation, liquor and medication testing, annuity, notice and nursery leave. 2 My payslip incorporates the accompanying data: organization name, division, installment technique, installment period, installments, hours, rate, sum, derivations (PAYE charge, National Insurance, Pension), aggregates, week/month, date, office number, charge code, representative number, worker name and net aggregate. 3 If you have a complaint identifying with your business, you ought to in the principal example raise this with the director. On the off chance that the complaint can't be settled casually, you should set out the complaint and the reason for it recorded as a hard copy and submit it to the Area Manager. 4-Personal data that must be stayed up with the latest with own manager can incorporate : change of name, conjugal status, change of address, any ailments that may influence work, any drug endorsed that may influence work and any quarrels with the police must be conceded. 5 Agreed methods of working incorporates arrangements and strategies, which may cover regions, for example, Information insurance how secret documents identifying with staff or administration clients are put away in cabinets where access is possibly given if necessary. Peace promotion if there is any contention between staff individuals this ought to be purchased to the consideration of the administrator and he/she should attempt to determine this expertly. Hostile to prejudicial practice staff and administration clients won't be segregated paying little mind to their age, sex, sexuality, religion, ethnic foundation or inability. Wellbeing and security staff should wear proper garments, for instance level shoes and concealed. It is staffs duty to report any wellbeing and safety issues they may run over, regardless of whether it be broken hardware or support required inside the structure. Balance and decent variety staff and administration clients must be dealt with similarly yet not no different. Openings ought not be missed in light of the fact that someone may require additional help to accomplish something. For instance, if a tangible room is upstairs and someone can't deal with the steps out of the blue, help ought to be given (lift, step lift) so individual can get to the room. Result 3 Understand how own job fits inside the more extensive setting of the area 1 My expected set of responsibilities is to give focused centered consideration to support clients. To give chances to support clients to expand their insight and experience, to urge them to keep up present abilities and learn new ones, and to empower them to deal with their lives. To oversee and limit practices as most ideal as. To guarantee the four key standards of the ËValuing People archive are clung to consistently ËRights ËIndependence ËChoice and ËInclusion. General and organization obligations. ** Important: this isn't comprehensive and is liable to audit in accordance with the changing needs of the unit and additionally the necessities of the administration clients. 2 Positive Negative Getting to network and taking an interest in exercises of delight People might be in danger to themselves as well as other people (staff, individuals from open) Gives the organization a decent name Administration clients not persuaded, become languid Improves administration clients advancement and stay animated Practices might be shown frequently Guard administration clients Gives the organization a terrible notoriety 3 Other individuals in which staff need to speak with will incorporate, but are not restricted to, the accompanying: Residential homes to discover how the administration client has been at home (practices, sickness), let them of know about any lunch prerequisites (picnics, prepared lunch), guarantee cash is sent in for arranged exercises, ensure the administration client is dressed properly for arranged exercises. Discourse and Language Therapists to survey, screen and audit an assistance clients eating and gulping if any issues have been seen and answered, to offer assistance with correspondence helps and strategies. Emotional well-being group go to standard meetings with administration clients to perceive how they are, is medicine working? Any new issues/fixations? How disposition has been? (upset, befuddled, discouraged) Any conduct triggers? 4 CQC are controllers though wellbeing and social couldn't care less administrations in Enlgand. A controller is an association that checks administrations satisfy the legislatures guidelines or rules about consideration. They additionally care for the privileges of individuals who need additional help to remain safe. This incorporates individuals who are kept in care under a law called the Mental Health Act. The legislatures gauges spread all zones of care. These standards are about things like: regarding individuals and rewarding them in the manner in which we as a whole hope to be dealt with. ensuring individuals get the food and drink they need. giving individuals care in spotless, safe structures. overseeing administrations and having the correct staff. CQC put care administrations on their register on the off chance that they satisfy the guidelines, or act rapidly in the event that they don't. They keep on utilizing diverse data to discover as much as possible about administrations. Data from people in general about their encounters of care is imperative to CQC. They likewise work with neighborhood gatherings and individuals who use administrations to discover whats functioning admirably and whats working gravely in wellbeing and social consideration administrations in their general vicinity. Overseers check benefits all over England to ensure they meet the standards for sheltered, compelling, merciful and top notch care. Care administrations, and different associations like the NHS, likewise give CQC data about specific things that occur. For instance, they will check a help if more individuals are passing on there than expected. They act rapidly to stop risky administrations or terrible methods of working. They state what requirements to change and return to check things are better. CQC can likewise fine individuals or organizations, give services an open admonition, stop the administration thinking about any new individuals, stop a help thinking about individuals while they discover what's going on and even shut administrations down. Result 4 Understand vocation pathways accessible inside own related divisions 1 To be a consideration home director you would require the accompanying capabilities * at any rate two years senior administration or administrative involvement with an applicable consideration setting inside the previous five years * a capability suitable to the consideration you will give, for example, NVQ Level 4 in Health and Social Care, a degree in social work or nursing (with live enrollment) * an administration capability, for example, NVQ Level 4 in Leadership and Management for Care Services (which replaces the Registered Managers Award (RMA)) or equal like a Diploma in Management Studies, or a Management NVQ Level 4 . To be a medical caretaker you would require the accompanying capabilities around 5 GCSEs (or likeness) Grade C or more including English Literature or Language, Mathematics and a science subject. to take a nursing degree courses you will ordinarily require in any event 2 A-Level s or equal. all medical attendant preparing is finished by colleges. They offer nursing certificates or degrees which take three years to finish. The recognitions anyway are being eliminated and most colleges are moving to degree just in September 2011 all colleges must move to degree just by September 2013 to fill in as a medical attendant in the United Kingdom you should be enlisted with the Nursing and Midwifery Council. The title Å"Registered Nurse is possibly given to you when you have that enlistment. To be a social specialist you would require the accompanying capabilities a three-year college degree or a two-year postgraduate qualification in social work that is affirmed by the Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC). Numerous college courses are full-time, albeit some work-based courses with low maintenance study may likewise be accessible. You will ordinarily require the accompanying capabilities so as to read for a college degree in social work: five GCSEs (A-C) including English and maths at least two A levels, or an equal capability, for example, a BTEC National Diploma or NVQ Level 3 in Health and Social Care. You should check passage necessities, as schools and colleges may acknowledge options like an Access to Higher Education or considerable important work understanding (paid or deliberate). On the off chance that you as of now have a degree, you could do a two-year postgraduate Maste Tony Padillahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18108597118313242549noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2416408530472439118.post-92174960554421099832020-08-22T14:19:00.001-07:002020-08-22T14:19:23.444-07:00Glutamine as an Ergogenic Aid essaysGlutamine as an Ergogenic Aid articles Glutamine is the most inexhaustible superfluous amino in the body. About 60% of amino acids found in the cell are made of glutamine. The individuals who bolster utilization of glutamine as an ergogenic help contend that glutamine advances ideal muscle development and adjustment, and postpones the beginning of weariness. The recommended measurements is no under 5 grams one after another, yet there are a couple of various methods of taking glutamine. Standard use is taking 5 to 10 grams subsequent to preparing, 5 to 10 grams at sleep time on preparing days, and 10-20 grams at sleep time on off days. Stacking and upkeep is another proposed type of utilization. Stacking endures 5 to 7 days, where 20 to 40 grams are taken a day, broken into 5 to 10 gram measurements (counting in the wake of preparing and sleep time). After this timeframe, upkeep starts by proceed with the suggestions for standard use(8). On the web, the normal cost for a 1000 gram jug of glutamine was around $70.00. The measure of glutamine in the cell influences cell volume. Expanding cell volume has been appeared to help control protein and glycogen blend. So consequently, expanding the accessibility of glutamine in the cell would invigorate protein and glycogen resynthesis (2). At the point when tissue is assembling and fixing, amino acids join to frame bigger proteins. Glutamine fills in as one of the primary amino acids utilized for protein combination. Additionally, the nitrogen from glutamine can be utilized to frame purines, pyrimides, and nucleotides, which are significant in the synnthesizing of adenosine triphosphate. Glutamine likewise fills in as a fuel source during exercise. At the point when starch accessibility is low during the finish of a hard exercise, glutamine and other amino acids take over as fuel, as much as 10-20% of vitality needs (3). Studies show that exceptional exercise diminishes plasma glutamine levels. For instance, it was accounted for that overtrained competitors had essentially lower (- 8.5%) plasma glutamine level ... <! Tony Padillahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18108597118313242549noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2416408530472439118.post-57887706219382418222020-08-21T12:01:00.001-07:002020-08-21T12:01:36.407-07:00Gadget Addiction Essayââ¬Å"All these apparatuses. the telephone and the figuring machine. they uncover the inside of your encephalon in a way thatââ¬â¢s terrible. â⬠Michel Gondry Advancement in building and imparting has brought about army apparatuses. Each secon. d another machine is being presented in the shopper showcase. People groups have gone to a point where they can non populate without these machines. As a result. machine reliance has become a genuine activity known to mankind especially among the youngster. Device reliance is luxuriating an exceptional movement extremely much, for example, workstations. Ipods and Play Station and dispensing each piece a lot of clasp as conceivable creation it ( Oxford English Dictionary. 2012 ) . Today. it is difficult to consider a cutting edge immature without a roaming telephone or some other apparatuses. The upsetting exploration found that 97 percent of 11 to 16-year-olds possesses a migrant telephone â⬠eight percent more than the per centum of adults who own one ( Dr. Emma Bond. 2009 ) . Device reliance is brought about by the longing to secure more opportunity and the appealing power of the machine applic ations. In this manner. this reliance may do unfortunate way of life among teenagers and effect their scholastic open introduction. The principal cause for contraption reliance among youngster is the craving to secure more opportunity. The ground for this situation is computer games give a window to another universe. where the individual playing the games holds all the force and chooses the predetermination of all the down to earth lives. This is rather than the existent universe which is brimming with accentuation. disappointment. terrorizing and battles. As it were. opportunity that originates from the image games assists youngsters with encountering all the more impressive and sure. Presently we are populating in another millenary where 97 for each centum of children ages 12 to 18 would want to play videogames on PC. Play Stations or Gameboy. Research has discovered that 41percent of individuals who play on-line picture games conceded that they played figuring machine games as a departure from the existent universe ( Hussain. 2009 ) . Case of the image games that give the youngster more opportunity are battling games like Mortal Combat. activity games like Counter Strike and reproduction games like The Sims. It tends to be presumed that playing computer games with apparatus every now and again seem innocuous. in any case, they can be extremely negative to children and adolescents that are absent in forbearance. Another ground for this activity is youth are pulled in to the apparatus applications. The youngster are pulled in to the sound. works of art. pictures. lifes what's more how the applications are utilized which is accessible in games and cultural networks. The vast majority of the youngster like to the machine applications that is identified with interchanges, for example, Facebook. Twitter. Skype and Yahoo mail. This is on the grounds that. cultural networks are a simpler way to partition what they think and feel. This is appear differently in relation to the existent universe where their voice is overlooked by the others especially seniors. Besides. they other than feel increasingly comfortable to demonstrate what they think without the interest to be face to defy with one another. Other than that. they other than prefer to pass their clasp playing on-line games. Fitting to Liz Thomas. ( 2011 ) . childs currently spend a standard of one hr and 50 proceedingss on-line and two hours 40 proceedingss in forepart of the broadcasting each twenty-four hours. Typically. soun ds that had been utilized in the applications are proper and consent to the youngster. The craftsmanships and lifes other than pull in the youngster to keep up playing those games. As it were. these applications have its appealing power that can do the childs to go dependent on apparatuses. Contraption reliance other than brings the negative impacts. One of them is it can affect way of life and wellbeing among the youngster. Larger part of youngster that spend extended periods in forepart of their registering machines are incognizant they are casualties of terrible position. ictuss. cervix harming and resolute hurt. Dr. Craig Kasper. Chief of audiometry at the New York Otolaryngology Group. cautions that these gadgets can other than do ear hurt whenever utilized inappropriately. Besides. beefiness is other than one of the impacts of this activity. Delayed utilization will loan to idle way of life. People that are dependent on cultural networks are only here and there incognizant about their utilization of nibbles and carbonate drink. Other than that. they other than di d non make practicing and make out-of-entryway exercises. Next. youngster who are dependent on the machines will other than observe the radiation sway viz. electromagnetic-radiation starting held close to the encephalon. Research has discovered that PDA designing damages young people more regrettable than adults. ââ¬Å"What the alarmed research laborers saw on their delegate was profound attack of mobile phone microwave radiation into delicate encephalon tissueâ⬠( Put This in Your Ear and Light It. 2005 ) . All things considered. this has demonstrated how apparatuses fixation can take to undesirable way of life and wellbeing. Machines compulsion among the youngster other than may affect in their scholarly open introduction. A considerable lot of them flop in investigations since they spent a clump of their occasions with the apparatuses. Moreover. youngster other than utilize their grant to buy the most recent machines on the other hand of scholarly books. In this manner. they can't make change. Other than that. youngster other than utilize inappropriate phonetic correspondence in the imparting networks like short signifiers. As an outcome. it has become a wont either in their everyday life or learning strategy. The study by Pew Internet ( 2008 ) has demonstrated that 50 for every centum of the students utilize casual slang in their assignments. Another. 38 for each centum concede they utilized shortenings in their school task like ââ¬ËLOLââ¬â¢ . which represents ââ¬Ëlaugh out loudâ⬠. Besides. there are other than students who utilize a telephone to look for the internet during preliminary to happen answers. This situation has a truly negative outcome on an understudy. his couples and preliminary outcomes of different students ( Parker. 2006 ) . In add-on. youngster other than utilize their machine for beguilement expectation including erotica administrations and fierce games. This may take to unsafe impacts and awful conduct. As an outcome. this will affect their conduct and focus in the class. The most exceedingly awful is they other than might be ousted from the schools or colleges. More or less. apparatuses habit among the youngster will affect their scholastic open introductions. All things considered. the advancement of designing has contrarily affected our general public. As an outcome. a significant number of them especially youth have gotten dependent on the apparatuses. Device reliance is brought about by the longing to gain more opportunity and the appealing power of the apparatus applications. In this manner. this reliance may do undesirable way of life among young people and effect their scholastic open introduction. By and by. guardians and specialists should make strides shielding young people from horrendous impacts. For representation. guardians ought to elucidate to their children these machines can do wellbeing work. Government should take activities by composed a race to build the teenagersââ¬â¢ awareness about the awful impacts of apparatuses. Everybody must take a stairss to prevent this activity from going genuine. Tony Padillahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18108597118313242549noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2416408530472439118.post-10683618920032136322020-05-26T15:19:00.001-07:002020-05-26T15:19:05.206-07:00The Ultimate Handbook to Us Government Essay Topics The Ultimate Handbook to Us Government Essay Topics The argument in the persuasive essay has to be sound in reasoning and offer strong proof to support the writer's position on the subject. Wisdom results from the very first essay on the most essential essay about vienna prelude now online. Like the essays that you've written previously, you'll need to produce a thesis statement that's the principal point of your paper. Opt for the topic that you locate the most fascinating and conduct some preliminary research to come up with your thesis and your outline. If you prefer excellent paper essay examples, reach out to us here today and we're going to do our very best to supply you with the most suitable aid. Whenever your teacher does not offer you exemplification essay topics, you always have the option to try utilizing a few of the topics on the next list.1. How to Get Started with Us Government Essay Topics? Nobody has ever known as the structure of American government simple! The absolute most important rights that are ensured by the first amendment. Introducing Us Government Essay Topics The Wisconsin State Civics Test is going to be given in this class. Topics will change from year to year. They may vary from semester to semester. The topics might vary from year to year. If it's the very first time you're likely to use our article writing service, you most likely have a lot of questions. Canadian students need to deal with precisely the same problem of picking engaging argumentative essay topics as the remainder of the world. A lot of the moment, it's just you and you. Somebody works part-time and doesn't have sufficient time to do each of the assignments. Most teachers will merely request that you write a single research paper for the class. Upon completion, students should have the ability to demonstrate knowledge of development throughout the life span. Upon completion, they should be able to demonstrate a basic knowledge of the science of psychology. They lead busy lives and often forget about an upcoming deadline. With everyone complaining about unemployment, the government has produced an effort to attempt to decrease this. The government plays an important part in your life, even if you don't follow politics and tak e no interest within it. You will need to reveal in your government essay that the government is an integral portion of our life and the way it affects the many pursuits and addresses various concerns in our life. If you're writing about social problems, you will typically be writing about the way the topic affects larger groups of people, including how poverty affects a whole generation. In extreme scenarios, in the event the school doesn't deal with the issue of bullying seriously or does not try to stop them for any other reasons, a child that has been abused is usually made to change school. If bullying of the youngster incorporates physical violence or threats, you can get in touch with the police. Before it ceases, and after that, it is important to find a child in an environment in which he feels himself accepted and experienced joy. Bulling can result in real physical harm. Throughout the course you are going to learn how to apply sociological research techniques, concepts, and perspectives to unravel a diverse selection of contemporary social troubles. It is not important to us, whether you're too busy on the job concentrating on a passion undertaking, or simply tired of a seemingly infinite stream of assignments. 1 principal point that's great for the public is the dichotomy, meaning decisions are created without the political atmosphere. Still the m atter isn't likely to rise to the exact same significance of the economy. Choosing our service, you will realize that studying can be simple if you gain from the help of capable experts. The government of the state of Texas is a tough and complicated institution that is made up of many distinct levels. This kind of environment is found in any mug, section or in your yard, where children of the exact same age are playing. Upon completion, students should have the ability to demonstrate a comprehension of the factors necessary to the maintenance of well-being and wellness. The New Fuss About Us Government Essay Topics Your contact is going to be kept confidential. You could also get in touch with your writer to supply some added recommendations or request information regarding the order's progress. After discovering our website, you will no longer will need to bother friends and family with these kinds of requests. Use the aid of true academic experts and receive the service you have earned! Tony Padillahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18108597118313242549noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2416408530472439118.post-34779052343923448232020-05-15T21:54:00.001-07:002020-05-15T21:54:12.151-07:00Practical Criticism The Tyger William Blake Essay Practical Criticism: The Tyger William Blake Blakes poem The Tyger - written somewhere between 1785 and 1789 - was first published in Songs of Innocence and Experience. These two interconnected books of poetry were intended to show the two contrary states of the human soul. Appropriately enough The Tyger appeared in the second book, Experience, and has as its natural counter part The Lamb in Innocence. The Tyger as a poem is a perennial international favourite. It has been more frequently and widely published than any other poem in English. The diction and rhyme scheme of both poems suggest they were written for children which is ostensibly the intended audience for the Songs. However the choice of words andâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦In fact the imagery of the poem is arguably its most striking feature. There is repeated reference to flames with Burnt the fire of thine eyes? and use of words like furnace This automatically, within the context of the poem and of Songs as a whole, conjures up images of a puritanical vision of hell intimating the tiger satanic roots (see below). In the first stanza the alliteration of t and b, two hard consonants, enhances the sense of tension. When read aloud the alliteration encourages rapid reading and an staccato beat which encourages an audience to becomes involved in the urgency of the images. The four beats striking fairly evenly on each line and the aabb rhyme scheme allows ease and speed of reading aswell as directing concentration of the reader onto image rather than form. The Tyger is, aswell as being a strikingly visual poem, a very sonorous one. The regular beat, hard consonants and stressed first syllable provides and unstoppable beat which echoes the thump of the tigers heartbeat in stanza three. The throb of the poem not only ritualistic (chant-like), but mechanistic. The (pertinent) industrial imagery (discussed below) like furnace and chains and anvil call forth the repetitive clanking of factory sounds which combine with the thumping dread heartbeat and progression of dread feet of stanza three. All this: metre, industrial Tony Padillahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18108597118313242549noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2416408530472439118.post-78481939446631288202020-05-06T17:09:00.001-07:002020-05-06T17:09:35.054-07:00What Are The Variables And Variables Of The Decisions Of... Interrelated variables account for the decisions of per capita purchases for adults in considering automobile acquisitions. Most mainstream automotive manufacturers offer different models to fit each market segment based primarily on the customerââ¬â¢s age, purchasing power, and lifestyle. Depending on the market segment that an individual can enter into based upon their budget restrictions, a myriad of options are available based on one s lifestyle and automotive requirements. Today, automobile manufacturers offer compacts, intermediates, large, and premium size vehicles with correlating body styles such as coupe, sedan, sport utility, pickup trucks, and even crossovers. Utilizing a popular automobile manufacturer for an example of this observation, Toyota is currently considered to be the worldââ¬â¢s largest automobile company (Holt, 2015). As of late, Toyota has also been the most successful automotive company. Recently plagued with accelerator, braking, and steering i ssues with their popular hybrid models, as well as supply chain disruptions in Japanââ¬â¢s recent tsunami disasters, Toyota has succumbed in its success to Volkswagen with a recent posting of 5.04 million vehicles sold worldwide in the second quarter of 2015 to Toyotaââ¬â¢s posting of 5.02 million vehicles sold worldwide (Tuttle, 2015). The loss of market share by Toyota was due, in part, to lack of contingency plans for supply chain disruptions, which is liken to the biblical principle: ââ¬Å"where there is no vision,Show MoreRelatedAsian Paints Global Expansion Strategy7628 Words à |à 31 Pagescomputerized its operations in India using the cutting edge solution provided by SAP i2. It helped the company drive benefits of faster market analysis for bett er decision making. The product portfolio of the Asian Paints group covers a large spectrum of finish coasts ancillary products in decorative paints, wood finishes, automobile OEMs refinishes, marine Industrial coatings. M arketing strategy The Indian Paint industry is estimated at 170 billion with a strong presence of both Read MoreStrategic Analysis of Tata Motors11233 Words à |à 45 PagesDevelopment 7 Acquisitions, Mergers Expansion 9 Organization Location 10 PEST 11 Political 11 Economic 13 Social 14 Technological 15 SWOT Analysis 16 Strengths 16 Weaknesses 17 Opportunities 18 Threats 19 Capitalizing on Tata Motorââ¬â¢s Success 20 Conclusion 21 Works cited 22 appendix A, B, C, D, E 24 Introduction Established under the parent company, Tata Group, in 1945, Tata Motors Limited has become Indiaââ¬â¢s largest automobile company. It was the first Indian automobile companyRead MoreMm-Chapter 1-3 Dawn Iacobucci17854 Words à |à 72 PagesFrontlist Buyer, Manufacturing: Miranda Klapper Production Service: MPS Content Services Sr. Art Director: Stacy Jenkins Shirley Internal and Cover Design: Joe Devine, Red Hangar Design Cover Image: à ©Veer/Image Zoo Illustrations Royalty-free Sr. Image Acquisition Specialist: Deanna Ettinger Photo Researcher: Terri Miller à © 2012, 2010 South-Western, Cengage Learning ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or byRead MoreMerger and Acquisition: Current Issues115629 Words à |à 463 Pages Mergers and Acquisitions Current Issues Edited by Greg N. Gregoriou and Karyn L. Neuhauser MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS Also edited by Greg N. 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When employees are viewed as variable costs, there is little recognitionRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words à |à 1351 Pagesdeveloping countries www.elsevier.com | www.bookaid.org | www.sabre.org Contents Preface Overview of the bookââ¬â¢s structure 1 Introduction 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Learning objectives The nature of marketing The management process Strategic decisions and the nature of strategy The marketing/strategy interface Summary xi xiii 1 3 3 7 11 19 37 41 43 45 45 50 53 70 71 75 77 79 79 80 81 86 88 89 101 102 104 107 109 Stage One: Where are we now? Strategic and marketing analysis 2 Marketing auditing Tony Padillahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18108597118313242549noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2416408530472439118.post-15939646991438431432020-05-05T20:43:00.001-07:002020-05-05T20:43:18.930-07:00IT Risk Management for Fundamental Risk -myassignmenthelp.com Question: Write about theIT Risk Management for Fundamental Risk. Answer: Identification and explanation of the risk related to IS/IT: The first risk is the pure risk. It has been leading into loss only. The second one is the speculative risk. Here both gain and loss is possible. The next one is the dynamic risk. Here it turns the scenario or the technology having the influence of both probability of loss and gain. Then there has been the static risk. There has been no alteration in the technology or the environment here. This indicates that there has been only loss here. There has been the subjective risk present. This is associated with the psychological uncertainty (Citebm.business.illinois.edu, 2017). Moreover there is the objective risk. It has been measurable and observable. There has been the particular risk that has been exposed to the loss from particular individual events. Then there might be the fundamental risk taking place. This has been the exposure towards the loss to involve huge team of people from the generic phenomena like the inflation, earthquake and so on. There has been a financial risk also t hat is the probable loss inherent within the financial methods. Lastly there is the possibility of the non-financial risks. This is the probable loss on the basis of the factors other than the methods of financial lending. Examining the key risk factors of the Risk Model and relating them to the IS/IT environment: They first key risk factor is the threat source that has been initiating another risk factor the Threat event. From there the vulnerability is exploited. The vulnerability has been causing the adverse impact. It has been producing the organizational risks (Ross, 2017). Identification and brief discussion on every key risk factors: The threat source has comprised of the properties like the Internet, capacity and the targeting by the adverse threats. The threat event has been associated with the sequence of scenarios, activities and the actions. The vulnerability has been with severity in the context of the predisposing conditions with the pervasiveness and effectiveness with security controls. The Adverse impact has been with the risk as the assimilation of the likelihood and the impact (Gobble 2014). Lastly the organizational risk has been associated with the organizational operations including the image, mission functions and the reputations. This also includes the individuals, organizational assets, other organizations and even the country as a whole. References: Citebm.business.illinois.edu. (2017).CITEBM-cases. [online] Available at: https://citebm.business.illinois.edu/it_cases [Accessed 20 Aug. 2017]. Gobble, M.M., 2014. Charting the innovation ecosystem.Research-Technology Management,57(4), pp.55-59. Ross, R. (2017).Guide for Conducting Risk Assessments. [online] NIST. Available at: https://www.nist.gov/publications/guide-conducting-risk-assessments [Accessed 20 Aug. 2017]. Tony Padillahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18108597118313242549noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2416408530472439118.post-61604328052248456722020-04-15T04:50:00.001-07:002020-04-15T04:50:03.627-07:00My Most Memorable Event in School Essay ExampleMy Most Memorable Event in School Paper My most memorable event in school I emigrated from Taiwan to the U. S. when I was 7th grade to receive a better education. I was enrolled into Montserrat middle school when I migrated. Although I thought that My English level was good and fluent enough at the time; I got placed in an ELD (English Language Development) class. I soon earned my teacherââ¬â¢s (Ms. Kuwait) trust and validation in class. My most memorable event in school is the first day of my ELD class. I and my guardian went to registration for middle school during the summer. The receptionist asked me all kinds of question to know where my level of education is. The receptionist also told us that there was no guarantee that I am going to be admitted into the school since more people are registering that the number of people allowed to be entering the school. My other option is to try to be enrolled into Morrill middle school, but both of my guardians said the other school is a place where most of the Mexicans and drug dealers are and they are worried that students in the school will influence me. As soon as I heard their comment about Morrill middle, I begin to worry about my future. The era of anxiety ended when my schedule at Sierramont got mailed home. We will write a custom essay sample on My Most Memorable Event in School specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on My Most Memorable Event in School specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on My Most Memorable Event in School specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The first day of school in a unfamiliar environment is always the scariest and one of the most exciting school day. Meeting new classmates, new teachers and getting to know more about the school is all part of this new school year. As I get seated in the ELD classroom, Ms. Kuawada started to introduce new students to the class and started an activity in which students have to know about each other. During the activity, I discovered that some of the classmates are people who came from Taiwan and I became friends with them. Ms Kuawada also gave us a test to see what our English level is, as oon as I finished the test, I found out that my English level is not as good as what I have expected. I am so glad that I joined the ELD class since it has helped me a lot in English and I recommend this class to people who have problems with English. As a result of ELD I got transferred into a regular class when I was 8th grade. I also learned more about the history, vocabulary of English. I have l earned a valuable lesson that whatever you think about yourself it might not always be true in some cases. I have also learned that even some basic knowledge will assist you to a higher level of education. Tony Padillahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18108597118313242549noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2416408530472439118.post-19239228228663298072020-03-12T11:49:00.001-07:002020-03-12T11:49:03.122-07:00How to Write a College Book Report PaperHow to Write a College Book Report Paper How to Write a College Book Report Paper Book reports are defined as edifying reports that deliberate on a specific book from an objective point of view. Students have generally confused book reports with book reviews since they are not conscious of the differences that exist between the two. Book reports summarize the work while book reviews gives evaluation of works at hand. Basically, book reports give accounts of the major characters, plot, thesis, and the main concepts of the work. A book report is a short summary that ranges from 275 to 500 words. Students who are given book report assignments need to be informed of the basic information concerning the book. These include the book title, the author, the publisher and place of publication, as well as number of pages. This information is necessary since it is incorporated into the report. Before commencing on a book report, it is prudent to determine the genre of the book. Writing a fiction book report requires one to be cognizant of the main characters, the setting , and the context of action. Non-fiction book reports involve emphasizing the main ideas presented in the book. Students encounter book report writing in their college level of learning. This is challenging since professors expect work of a higher quality than on the high school level. How to write a college book report is a demanding issue for freshmen college students. For one to write a college book report effectively, one must read the specific book in question. Reading a lengthy work may seem to be a tedious affair especially if the book doesnââ¬â¢t interest the reader. In addition, student writers must understand every concept that is presented in the book. The first reading is usually inadequate even if the reader truly focuses on the contents of the book. Taking notes on the important points as well as page numbers of where such concepts are illustrated in the book aids one in remembering the bookââ¬â¢s plot as well as writing an effective report. The student may also find perusing professional critiques of the book helpful in understanding the plot, characterization, and utilization of literary devices or techniques. However, it is important to narrow down oneââ¬â¢s research so that the student reads only the critiques that interest the student the most. Academic book reports require the writer to follow the guidelines provided by the instructor. This ensures that the student writer stays within the parameters of the report project. For a non-fiction book, the student should focus on topics and issues that the student most enjoyed or found especially intriguing. On the same note, the student should offer personal insight concerning the development of the plot or characterization or the employment of literary devices. College papers are tricky to write since their basis of assessment is focused on information from the book that the student writer presents. In summary, stay focused on the purpose of the paper. It is not to provide a critique. Rather, it is to provide a synopsis of what the book contains. As with any writing assignment, developing an outline for guidance as one reads can be very helpful in determining what one wants to say. Organize ideas in a clear and coherent fashion. In addition, one should always take time to revise and to proof-read oneââ¬â¢s paper before submitting it for a grade. College students can get professional college book report help online, at writing service. Let your book report paper written by top-rated writers. Tony Padillahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18108597118313242549noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2416408530472439118.post-60058498910231681232020-02-25T02:16:00.001-08:002020-02-25T02:16:03.026-08:00Representations and Misrepresentation of race in American Culture EssayRepresentations and Misrepresentation of race in American Culture - Essay Example This paper looks at the representations and the misrepresentation of culture in America, as discussed by Steve Olson in his book ââ¬Å"Mapping human history.â⬠Ideally, the occurrence of mutations in genetics mostly of the mitochondria is claimed to be the reason behind the migration of the different races between the different continents especially the mixed population. Hawaii state has always been marked by controversy in that the even the scientists are not able to tell the original inhabitants of this beautiful island state. A prime reason is that most of the current inhabitants of this state are not true offspringââ¬â¢s of the first people who live in this island commonly known as the Polynesians. However, there is an existing correlation in the biological and ethnic heredity of the people especially because most people only identify themselves with the racial background. The main cause for the misrepresentation of the aboriginals of Hawaii is the intermarriage between the natives and the visitors to the island (Olson, 260). The government of the United States splits its population into four major categories based on their racial background. ... They include the color of their skins, the shape and the size of their yeas, the size and the shape of their skulls, and the types of their hairs. These dominant factors are mostly notable among the black, the whites, Asians and the Indians (Olson, 259). However, there is an element of misrepresentation in that it is not possible to tell how different their genetic makeup is in the four groupings. Olson notes, ââ¬Å"The rapid growth of interracial marriages in the united states and elsewhere marks a new face in the genetic history of humanity. Since the appearance of modern humans in Africa more than 100,000 years ago, human groups have differentiated in appearance as they have expanded across the globe and have undergone under some measures of reproductive isolationâ⬠(Olson, 259). He also asserts, ââ¬Å"This differentiation has been limited by the recentness of our common ancestry and the powerful tendency of groups to mix over the same timeâ⬠(Olson, 259). The native i nhabitants of Hawaii have highly been misrepresented in various statistics. Statistics shows that the natives of Hawaii live in the lower end of the social and economic life. In addition, they have the lowest incomes and highest unemployment rate in America among any ethnic group. Moreover, the native inhabitants of Hawaii have the highest rates of health problems and have the lowest life expectancy ratio. Besides, they are least likely to go to colleges, and almost certainly to be imprisoned. However, it is utmost misleading to generalize this kind of statistics in a large group of people such as the native Hawaiians. These amounts to misrepresentation since a large portion of Hawaiians, comprising of a fifth of the entire native population are now educated and very successful. In Tony Padillahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18108597118313242549noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2416408530472439118.post-72093416478444284902020-02-08T19:01:00.001-08:002020-02-08T19:01:02.677-08:00Problems and recommendations for Merit Pay system at Konica Minolta EssayProblems and recommendations for Merit Pay system at Konica Minolta Business Solutions - Essay Example The project provides examples of the compensation structures in other organisations providing the respective pros and cons of the same. Finally, it recommends a suitable compensation structure for Konica Minolta Business Solutions along with its probable impact on the organisation. Compensation structure in Wal-Mart The organisation chosen for the purpose of this research is Wal-Mart. The reason for choosing this company is that it would be a perfect example to show how a poor compensation structure could lead to serious damage for the organisations. It would also be possible to show how restructuring of the pay structure would benefit the employees and the organisation. The organisation is one of the retail giants in the world. However, the compensation structure is seen to be unfavorable for the employees. Research revealed that ââ¬Å"Walmart CEO's hourly wage equals one year salary of new employeesâ⬠(Brainz, 2010). It demonstrates a great extent of disparity among employees in the organization. It was seen that the CEO of the company earns an amount of $35 every year, which is an hourly earnings of $16,826.92. On the other hand, the newly employed worker earns only $8.75 in an hour. His gross income in a year amounts to $13,650 only. The figure is quite low for a newly recruited employee in comparison to the revenue that the company generates. It also reflects the lack of concern of the employer towards its employees. This is the cause of the high rate of attrition in the organisation. According to the reports published by the company, it was estimated that there were 74,300 workers occupying positions in Florida Wal-Mart in a quarter. The number of workers leaving the organisation in the next quarter amounted to 15,500. 2900 more number of workers was recruited. This represented that the quarterly rate of turnover was as high as 17.3%. It was estimated that if this figure remained unchanged then out of every six recruitment, one would leave the organ isation in every three months (WARN, 2005). Compensation in other organisations- Review of success and failure Proctor and Gamble was one company which was considered to be one of the most favorable companies to work for. The company demonstrates very low rate of attrition because of its favorable pay structure. The voluntary turnover rate in the company is only 2% per year. The popularity of the organisation gets depicted from the fact that it receives more than 125,432 US applicants every year (CNN Money, 2011). The companyââ¬â¢s present human resource development structure is highly attractive which makes it one of the most employers of recent times. The average annual pay for the most common salaried job in the organisation is $87,000, while the average hourly payment for the most common hourly paid job is $48,673. For example, a person holding the managerial position in the production department gets an average annual salary of $87,000. On the other hand, a technician whose wage is calculated on an hourly basis gets an average annual payment of $48,673 (CNN Money, 2011). The figures demonstrate that the employees are adequately compensated which can be accounted for Tony Padillahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18108597118313242549noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2416408530472439118.post-78245153587211281002020-01-29T23:52:00.001-08:002020-01-29T23:52:01.952-08:00Carl Jung and His Theories Essay Example for Free Carl Jung and His Theories Essay Carl Jungââ¬â¢s theories are interesting. He studied the personality as something very important to a personit is embedded within us and is what emerges to the outside world so as to be seen by others. His three principles: opposition, equivalence and entropy is quite great and for me, really describe every humansââ¬â¢ way of interacting with their environment and the way they come to pursue and continue everyday life. I find it true enough that humans have this general life energy (libido) and uses it in everything they do. All of us are rational beings and we always have these drives to get on with things we often feel that need to be done. Through our consciousness and unconsciousness, we are able to get past every obstacle and track our ââ¬Å"missionsâ⬠in life. Carl Jung explained in his theories that humans do tend to become someone in order to be accepted by other people and to succeed in life. And for me, he is trying to convince all of us that every human, young or old, are born to have visions and views in life, different aspect within us, and a will to be free and be happyââ¬âyet all of these are not totally within our reach because of our differences. Thatââ¬â¢s why Jung, for me, was able to explain why and how people uses different mechanisms to live happily or even just be able to go on with life with his theories. I, as a person, can relate my personality to some of Jungââ¬â¢s theories. I can say that I am an: â⬠¢Introverted feeling type because in this personality type, it is said that one is capable of deep emotions but avoid any outward expression of it. Yes, this describes me because I am the type of person that is strong on the outside yet fragile on the inside. I tend to really suppress all my emotions because I am afraid to be criticized and be rejected by the people around me especially that most of them are stereotypes. â⬠¢Extraverted thinking type because an individual having this type represses oneââ¬â¢s feelings and emotions, is objective in all aspects of life, rigid and cold, and scientist. As what I have said earlier, I hide my emotions to avoid criticism. Also, I always have plans in everything I do in order to achieve positive outcomes even in the simplest things I make, thus making meà rigid and cold since in line with achieving in life, I lean on focusing to myself and not with others. â⬠¢Introverted thinking type because this personality type describes the person as intensely concerned with privacy and understanding to oneself rather than other people. I always prioritize privacy and I canââ¬â¢t live without it. I always keep secrets because I donââ¬â¢t trust the people around me that much and I canââ¬â¢t risk my privacy to themâ⬠¦ and due to this, I am more understanding to myself than others because my philosophy in life is to make the best out of myself first before others. Some may say that I am selfish and greedy but thatââ¬â¢s what I am, I always give myself the most priority I could give. Every person is different and unique. You may find someone who is like you or like the person you know but lying deep within us is someone only us can discoverââ¬âif we can. We must respect each other in every way because we are made equal and that everyone should be treated in the same way. Tony Padillahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18108597118313242549noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2416408530472439118.post-69462510503087746892020-01-21T20:13:00.001-08:002020-01-21T20:13:02.624-08:00Changing Roles of Women Essay -- Sociology Since the beginning of the 1800's, women had been fighting for the rights that they wanted. Women should be able to vote, control their own property and income, and they should have access to higher education and professional jobs. Women also had many roles in society. Women had very important parts in jobs as they took up more responsibilities. Girls, young ladies, and women of all ages were working harder to bring home income. Most women thought the pay and the conditions were unfair. These arguments grew as women fought more and more for social equality. Women found jobs wherever they could. Women's work on farms and at home was essential but the younger women moved from rural areas to cities to work in factories. Immigrant women also turned to the factories for work. While some women were working hard in factories, other women were building volunteer organizations that took roles in rapidly reforming education, labor relations, public health, and other areas of society. Women that did neither of these jobs still worked in the home cleaning. More urban women made their own brea... Tony Padillahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18108597118313242549noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2416408530472439118.post-53463913041223763862020-01-13T16:37:00.001-08:002020-01-13T16:37:03.954-08:00Purpose and Meaning of Education EssayOutlines: 1. Definition of the Education 2. Education in Islam and its importance 3. Purpose of Education 4. Peace and Prosperity through Education 5. Education as a best weapon 6. Education as a bridge to social and global brotherhood 7. Standard Education across the globe 8. Education can make this world a better place to live on 9. Education, the only survival for Humanity 10. Conclusion Poverty is my pride, struggle is my way of life, education is my weapon and love of Allah is my strength. (Hazrat Mohammad PBUH). Education in its general sense is a form of learning in which knowledge, skills, and habits of a group of people are transferred from one generation to the next through teaching, training, research, or simply through auto-didacticism. Generally, it occurs through any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts. Islam has put great stress on Education. The very first word of the first revelation was ââ¬Å"Iqrââ¬â¢aâ⬠means read. The Holy Qurââ¬â¢an emphasizes more that seeking of knowledge is compulsory upon every man woman. Islam has given very clear instructions for the Education and has made it compulsory for all the genders equally. The purpose of education according to Islam is to serve the humanity in every possible way and lead a peaceful life by obeying the commandments of Allah (the only creator of the entire universe). Lack of education is the root cause of every trouble and misery. It is education only by which we can bring change, peace as well as prosperity in the world. Our aim should be clear in this regard that the only possible way to make human life as better as we can is education only. We know very well that education is the only weapon which is the best anti-biotic to every evil cause. We can destroy every evil strength through this weapon and bring desirable changes in every part of the globe. Today when we look at the world we find it divided on the bases of religion, race, colour, caste, creed and tribe. Sectarian and ethnic discrimination has drawn the boundaries of hate and egotism. We can overcome all these by spreading education in the entire world and make it a way towards social and global brotherhood on the basis of humanity. Past history proves that human is the most furious creature on this planet which is why today we see this bloody picture and insecurity all over the world but if we adopt the education in our characters and deeds we can surely make this world a better place to live on. When we speak about standard education it means there should be same and qualitative education across the world so that every human being can seek it in the very same like others do. Standard education will destroy the poverty, misery, and hunger from the world. No any other human doctrine can stop the destruction of human beings except the education as it the need of the hour as well as the only way for the survival of humanity. Conclusion. From the above mentioned facts and realities it is quite clear that the meaning, purpose and cause of education should be to serve the humanity without any kind of discrimination on the basis of equality so that we can make our world a place better to live on peacefully and purposefully. Tony Padillahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18108597118313242549noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2416408530472439118.post-26543973084489712692020-01-05T13:01:00.001-08:002020-01-05T13:01:03.543-08:00Essay about Audism Unveiled - 674 Words Audism Unveiled Audism by its very definition is a negative or oppressive attitude towards deaf people by either deaf or hearing people and organizations, and a failure to accommodate them. This documentary really opened my eyes as to what deaf people have gone through since the beginning of time. They have been treated with prejudice and oppression. They have been looked down upon- as if they are some sort of ââ¬Å"subhumanâ⬠not worthy of being classified as a normal person because of the fact that they cannot hear. Audism goes under the same category as racism, sexism, discrimination, etc. In the movie, ââ¬Å"Audism Unveiled,â⬠they were many testimonials of different deaf people explaining their stories of oppression simply because of theâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Now, he is an advocate for parents of deaf children to learn sign language so that no one would ever have to experience what he had to. I think that all parents with deaf children should embrace their child and their n ew culture and learn the language that is most easy for their child to communicate in. Most deaf children feel lonely and abandoned from their families because no one ever bothers to include them into family conversations. Whenever the deaf person would ask whats going on, they would say ââ¬Å"Oh well tell you later.â⬠Always the same thing and deaf people are tired of it. They want to know now and be included! Its not fair that they have to be left out just because theyre deaf. It causes depression and resentment in the deaf person when the family constantly excludes the deaf family member. In some situations, deafness was viewed as evil. One man said that his aunt told him that he must have been a bad man in his past-life and as punishment, he was born deaf in this life-time. Hearing people do view being deaf as a misfortune, but that does not justify the way that they get treated by hearing people. I think its horrible how they are viewed as unable. I would hate to imagine someone treating me like Im not able because Im Hispanic or because Im gay. It would tear me apart and Im sure most deaf people feel the same way. Audism needs to be a bigger issue among hearing people and they need to know that being deaf is not a handicap, deafShow MoreRelatedSdfsdf962 Words à |à 4 PagesAudism Unveiled Movie Worksheet/Discussion Answer Key 1. The movie begins with ââ¬Å"Attention: The following movie is subtitled for the signing-impaired.â⬠This is an example of Deaf humor but also what underlying message do you think they are making known by doing so? Answer: Hearing Impaired is disliked by most Deaf because it defines deaf solely in terms of broken or defective ears that need fixing, or to be aided or corrected. Hearing force expensive devices to make Deaf more ââ¬Å"normal.â⬠LabelingRead MoreInside Deaf Culture, By Carol Padden And Tom Humphries1228 Words à |à 5 Pagesdifferences between the two communities by explaining the hardships and obstacles the Deaf community had to embrace. Audism Unveiled is another film that displays the differences and similarities between the hearing and Deaf communities. This film uses real life incidents to exemplify the hardships and battles many Deaf people were subjected to most often by hearing individuals. The word audism, in and of itself, is used negatively toward deaf people by hearing communities. Many stories portrayed in this Tony Padillahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18108597118313242549noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2416408530472439118.post-66459274022417707262019-12-28T09:26:00.001-08:002019-12-28T09:26:03.905-08:00The European Dimension Of The Cold War - 1458 Words The Cold War between two rival super powers ââ¬â the young United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ââ¬â was an inevitable one. The relationship between the former war allies had begun to dissolve during the Second World War and eventually came to blows in 1947. First, itââ¬â¢s important to note that the Cold War was something that was only between the USA and the USSR is a fallacy. David Reynoldsââ¬â¢ piece titled The European Dimension to the Cold War is a historiographical piece that details how the American view of the struggle being just between the USSR and the USA as they ââ¬Å"eye each other with watchful suspicionâ⬠isnââ¬â¢t exactly on point. Reynolds states the fact right away that many scholars are stressing European forces and problems had a bigger role in shaping this era than not and explains that one of the most distinctive changes in the post-war period is that the European powers began to align more to the liberal, socialistic left than the conservative right, where they were in the inter-war period. Communist Parties all over saw a rise in favor from the people, especially in Hungary and Czechoslovakia, but had little to nothing to do with the Soviets; Hungary was largely Catholic and historically anti-Slav, and the Red Army left Czechoslovakia after an agreement with Western powers (Reynolds). The ââ¬Å"swingâ⬠to the left posed problems for not only the United States and Britain but also for Stalin in the Soviet Union as well, with the demand forShow MoreRelatedEuropean Integration And The European Union1638 Words à |à 7 PagesAlthough European integration has primarily come about through the European Union and its policies, the idea of a united Europe can be traced back to Ancient Greece. The first we hear of Europe as a geographic concept was in the 7th/8th century BC through the infamous Myth of Europa (Greekmythology.com, 2015). The myth is about a Phoenician princess, Europa (after which the continent was named), who has a dream where she was called to by an unknown land telling her, she belongs to it (GreekmythologyRead MoreThe Conflict Between Ussr And Usa During The Cold War1178 Words à |à 5 Pagesemerging from decolonization were lead by a strong nationalism (Col lins English Dictionary, 2007). After World War II, most of the European countries did not have enough economic and political stability to sustain to the different revolts taking place in their colonies and to help them to improve social and economic developments. But, it was inconceivable, for economic reasons, for these European countries to let their colonies being independent. Only, USA and the Soviet Union took positions against colonialismRead MoreThe Political Affairs Of Latin America925 Words à |à 4 Pagesto ensure that Latin American governments are compatible with U.S. interests. This dates back, as previously said, to the time of the Monroe doctrine, when the United-States wanted to protect its expansion and dominance in the two Continent form European powers. Following this was the onset of the Truman Doctrine of 1947, which sought to contain the spread of communism, especially within what they considered their own sphere of influenceâ⬠¦i.e. Latin America. Followi ng the collapse of the soviet blockRead MoreHistorical Timeline Of East West Relationship Essay1372 Words à |à 6 PagesHistorical Timeline of East-West Relationship Post World War II Having formed an alliance of convenience for the purpose of defeating their common axis enemy led by Hitler of Germany, the climate of distrust between the United Socialist Soviet Republics (USSR) and the west led by the United States of America (USA) still continued after the world war. Prior to the world war two, there were tensions between the USSR and the USA over the refusal of the Americans to recognize the government of the BolshevikRead MoreThe International Organization For Migration1716 Words à |à 7 Pagesplan, expressing the future goals the European government believes will help solves this crisis. The International Organization for Migration said, between January and November 2015 more than 750,000 migrants are predicted to arrive in Europe from across the Mediterranean. As a union, Europe is showing the world that they are not a cohesive organization prepared to face the future with respects to the mass migration. The policy concerning migration at the European Union level states that each nationRead MoreOrigins of the Cold War Essay1295 Words à |à 6 PagesOrigins of the Cold War The purpose of this paper is to explore the origins of the Cold War. To accomplish this exploration, the works of W.A. Williams, Robert Jervis, and Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. serves as the foundation. Before a closer examination of these works, a short explanation of the three common viewpoints regarding the study of the Cold War is warranted. These viewpoints are Attribution, Structural, and Misperception. With these viewpoints to guide the way, the above authorsRead MoreWhy The Eu Fta / Epa Is Necessary861 Words à |à 4 PagesThe aim of this paper is to examine why the EU-Japan FTA/EPA is necessary. The European Union (EU) and Japan has been recognised as ââ¬Ënatural strategic partnershipââ¬â¢ with common interests or shared values over normal global partners (Atanassova-Cornelis, 2010: 479). Currently their relationship implicates a wider range of fields beyond trade; for instance, security, political, cultural and research cooperation; there are ongoing negotiations for Free Trade Agreement (FTA)/Economic partnership AgreementRead MoreEssay about The Impact of Globalization on State Relationships879 Words à |à 4 Pagesbreaking down barriers. While globalization has many dimensions, economic integration is particularly interesting since it holds the greatest promise for preventing future wars. The period before the First World War was characterized by a similar period of economic integration that caused political scientists, such as Norman Angell, to speculate that war had become impossible, yet only a few years later World War I broke out. In order to determine if war will again stop the processes of globalizationRead MoreThe Bi-Polar World Order Essay2174 Words à |à 9 Pagesthe World War II (WWII), a new world order was beginning to appear. The old and weak European powers, were devastated from the war, and could no longer hold the world on its shoulders. Subsequently, new superpowers had to take over the control; they were the USSR and the USA. Soon after the end of WWII, new international tensions became apparent after the break of the Grand Alliance (Taylor, 1993, p. 49). The disagreements between the new superpowers grew to a point where the Cold War became a factRead MoreEuropean Union And Its Impact On The United States1444 Words à |à 6 PagesSince 1950 European Union (EU) was created it has promoted peace, prosperity and values among the member nations and its neighbouring countries. EUââ¬â¢s influential tools, has helped transform many European states into functioning democracies and prosperous countries. EUââ¬â¢s membership has grown from 6 to 28 countries (Enlargement, 2014), satisfying a historic vow to integrate the continent bringing in most states of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) by peaceful ideals.EU has anticipated the enlargement Tony Padillahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18108597118313242549noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2416408530472439118.post-65231658192703297592019-12-20T05:15:00.001-08:002019-12-20T05:15:03.458-08:00The Pillar Of Religion Forms - 1444 Words The pillar of religion forms one of the essential cornerstones of societal living that provides doctrines and guiding principles about how people should live and interact. The command of virtually all religions is often inclined on the preservation of peace so that every human being can live amicably next to their neighbor. The message of peace is often preached during the eruption of wars and conflicts where the existence of this virtue is nearly negligible. The numerous religions that exist globally refer to the scriptures that justify the maintenance of peace in a situation where fights and battles are experienced. This paper discusses the importance of religious values when it comes to the subject of war and peace. The commonâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Religions such as Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam are totally against killing an innocent human being, murdering them, or even subjecting them to torturous conditions that can eventually lead to their death. It is only exceptional and rare cases where the use of force to kill is justified, and this is one in a very specified circumstance. The process of carrying out a comparative view of different scriptures of the various religions when it comes to the topic of war demonstrates that there is one central rule that applies when it comes to killing and the repercussions that comes with it. For instance, the followers of the Buddhist religion firmly believe that people who participate in war or any form of violence often end up trembling because life is sacred and it is supposed to be revered by every individual. This teaching is well stated in the book of Dhammapada, which explains that, ââ¬Å"A person should put themselves in the shoes of their other counterpart, so that they can understand that killing is in total violation of the lawâ⬠(Hogan 957). Furthermore, these scriptures clarify the fact that a person should not compel another individual to take part in an activity that will end up killing and taking away innocent lives. The same concept is elaborated in the Christian scriptures that hold a lot of disregardShow MoreRelatedCompare And Contrast The Three Pillars Of Islam1157 Words à |à 5 PagesPillars of Islam Compared to Christian Beliefs In Islam and Christianity, there are similar and different beliefs and practices. In Islam, the five pillars form the core of the religion. Muslims go about their lives abiding by these pillars (ââ¬Å"Islamâ⬠). In Christianity, there are not necessarily pillars, but there are commandments that one should live their life by (ââ¬Å"Christianityâ⬠). The three pillars of Islam that will be identified resemble some of the beliefs in Christianity. The declaration of faithRead MoreDifferences Between Islam And Islam884 Words à |à 4 PagesMuslim is not a religion is it a way of life. The Muslim religion is called Islam. The Islam religion is based on the belief on Allah and the teachings of Muhammad. Even though in the Islam religion they only believe in Allah they view Jesus as a profit in the religion. Christians believe in Jesus also but Muslims do not believe everything that the Christians do. They have their own prayers, rituals, and traditions just like every other relig ion. Muslims are viewed in a negative way because of theirRead MoreThe Islamic Religion And Islam1301 Words à |à 6 Pagesââ¬Å"These three religions, Judaism, Christianity and, Islam, all support a peaceful world and advocate peace in their main teachings and sacred texts.â⬠(Mt Alvernia Task sheet) There are more than three religions in the world but these three religions are some of the main religions that profoundly support this statement. The Islamic religion is often portrayed by the Western media as a violent religion that does not teach or believe in interfaith or world peace, however through an interfaith understandingRead More World History Argumentative Paper- Religionââ¬â¢s Effect on Society1072 Words à |à 5 Pages From the start of civilization, religion has played a crucial role in the development of most societies. The proof of its influence is evident in the way daily life was carried out. Religion had the power to affect everything from social status to common law, thus dominating a large portion of the culture. In ancient Egyptian, Islamic, and Indian society, religion had the capacity to establish how the average person would conduct their daily life. In the area surrounding the Nile River, thereRead MoreEssay on Islam: A Religion and Culture1630 Words à |à 7 PagesIslam: A Religion and Culture Islam is one of the oldest religions in history dating back to about 600 AD. It began when a man named Muhammad heard a voice from the heavens instructing him to proclaim the word of god. Currently there are over 800 million followers of the Muslim religion. The main text of the religion is the Quran which is said to be the word of God, or Allah as called in Muslim. Within the Quran, The five pillars of Islam are proclaimed along with many other concepts very uniqueRead MoreEssay on The Five Pillars of Islam551 Words à |à 3 Pages The Five Pillars are the frameworks of a Muslims life. Revealed to the prophet Muhammad by Allah, the Five Pillars are the basis of Islamic religion. On another occasion, when the prophet (Muhammad) was asked to give a definition of Islam, he named those five pillars.(www.unn.ac.uk...) The Five Pillars are: bearing witness to Allah, establishing prayers, giving alms, fasting during Ramadan, and making a pilgrimage to Mecca. The Five Pillars are the major duties in the life of a Muslim. ShahadahRead MoreIs The Heart Of Islam?983 Words à |à 4 PagesWhat, in your opinion, is the heart of Islam? The heart of Islam is The One True God. The concept of one God is the basis on which the entire religion of Islam revolves around. This concept is the foundation upon with the religion of Islam is built. In fact, the actual definition of Islam means submission; submission to their one true God. Islam followers are called Muslim and the definition of Muslim means one who surrenders or submits to the will of God. Based on these definitions alone, itRead MoreHinduism And The Islamic Religion1329 Words à |à 6 Pagesto man in the form of priests, kings or prophets and finally it has, settled on Heavenly Beings which are worshipped by different religions. Two of the more prominent religions in society are Hinduism and the Islamic religion. The Origins of Worship | Urantia Book | Urantia Foundation. 2015. Hinduism Hinduism has acquired over 900 million followers worldwide which has boosted it to the third largest religion. Founded roughly 4000 years ago, Hinduism is also one of the oldest religions to still existRead MoreEssay on The Five Pillars of Islam1497 Words à |à 6 PagesLike many other religions, the Muslim faith has experienced many changes and branches. Like Christianity, the original faith is still practiced by some, but others have started new branches with their own unique interpretation being Muslim. Despite these differences within the Muslim religion, one set of rules for moral guidance is central to all. These rules are the Five Pillars of Islam. The Five Pillars act as a moral compass for Muslims and are universally accepted as they are mentioned specificallyRead MoreChristianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, And Hinduism1173 Words à |à 5 Pages A. Sarkissian Religion All human beings are born equal and have the same features: nose, eyes, mouth, legs, etc... However, what make each and every individual different are their beliefs and the standard they go by. This is when religion kicks in. Religion is a European invention used to differentiate systems of belief in ways that are new to many of those systems. This separates everyone, including those that are non-religious. Even though the world has over fifty religions, there are only about Tony Padillahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18108597118313242549noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2416408530472439118.post-16311563658573486152019-12-12T01:45:00.001-08:002019-12-12T01:45:05.849-08:00Good Manager in the Business World Question: Why Good Managers are so Rare? Answer: Main Argument of the Article The main argument of the article is the rarity of the good manager in the business world and its implications. In the argument it explores the idea of finding a right talent for the right job in the managerial post. The business organisations need to hire managers by appropriately evaluating their talent to achieve the competitive advantage in the industry. It further explores the effect of not having a good manager in the organisation and that are from employee engagement and satisfaction from the job to profitability to satisfaction of the customer (Augier and Teece, 2009). In the later part the article also explores the talent and traits of the good managers which makes them so rare in the market. The explorations are back by the solid data where the articles show that 82% of the manager selection in the organisation is not as per the talent required. The effect is also visible as 30% of the US company employees and 13% of globally, finds their job engaging. The reason is that the manager hols the 70% of the total score for the employee engagement (Beck and Harter, 2014). The article expresses that a better sourcing of manager would increase the profitability, better attendance and performance of the employee, satisfied customer, and higher standard of safety. TheMain Assumptions and the Limitation of the Articles In the article the link between the bad managers and the poor employee performance is not clear. The research looked at the 27 millions of the employee of more than 100 organisations and that covers 2.5 million work units (Beck and Harter, 2014). There the variation of the performance is immense. The low consistency is preventing to directly correlate the employee engagement and performance with the poor managerial skills. Without this clear indication the later findings could not be substantiated as the effect of the poor people management of the manager (Daft, 2006).The reader must have to keep in mind that the better performance in the regard of the profitability, customer satisfaction, better performance and attendance of the staffs, and lower incident of the safety issue is not only the effect of the good managers presence in the organisation. There could be other motivation and circumstances in the organisation. Methods andMethodology of the Research There is primary and secondary research methodology. Primary research types to answer different questions and issues through fresh research. In the secondary research the old relevant research, books, govt data and other some already stored relevant and reliable information are used to answer the questions or issues. In the article the both the method were used. In the primary research the qualitative methods were used where the managers were interviewed. This data are unquantifiable and cannot be numerically converted (Peffers et al., 2007). On the other hand the secondary research can be seen when the article takes about two studies conducted in 2012 in large scale and that found out that 30% in US employee and 13% internationally are engaged. This is an external source of information and secondary in nature. Conclusion and the Findings The main findings of the article is the chance of finding good manager among the general population based on the five talent standard of motivating employee, assertiveness, ability to create accountability, relationship building capacity and unbiased and productivity oriented decision making ability. The research finds that only 10% of the population have all the above talents. It also finds that only 20% of the population posses some talents to be manager (Beck and Harter, 2014). Though the research finds out that the companies have been able to control this odds and there they have around 18% of the manager with good management quality. From these dates the article finds out that there is great chance of finding out good manages in the teams of the organisation as the chances of finding them is one in ten. That is why the organisation should search these talents more effectively. It also concluded that the companies make 82% wrong decisions at the time of hiring managers. Main Idea Related with MGT100 The main idea of the article is to explore the role and availability of good manger in the organisation. The article states that good manager with great latent is important for the organisation in its competitive advantage. The article finds out the employee engagement and job performance data of the business organisation. Then through sequential analysis it finds out that only 10% population possesses the five talents to become good managers. The article also discussed about the imperative of having a good manger in the organisation. All these approaches have a link with the subject of organisation and managements role in that. In the organisation the managers have different role like the interpersonal role, roles related to information and roles related to decision making. The importance of the interpersonal role is given in the article through the discussion of the employee engagement and the manager role (Aswathappa and Reddy, 2009).The implication of the good manager and managem ent practices on the company performance is also discussed in the article. Main Idea and its Application There are three level of management in the organisations. The three levels are top, middle and the line level of management. The top level of management decides the business strategy, planning and the direction of the business. The middle level managers make the operating decisions and direct the line managers. The line managers are in contact with the ordinary employee of the organisation and they implement the policies and plans in the organisation they also provides effective feedback to the upper managers. Now at the time of recruitment of the line managers the middle level mangers and for middle level managers the top management are involved in the selection decision making (Cummings and Worley, 2014). Now the selection need to be management talent based. The selection panel management can look for the talents in the teams of the organisation as the research suggest that one in ten people have the required talent and may be they are there in the organisation to be discovered. Th e selection of the middle level management can be done from the 18% good management talent base in the organisation. Idea Relation to Real Problems or Dilemmas of the Management One of the problems is the conflict management. Out of the five talents that the managers should have is the assertiveness which would be useful for the conflict management. The relationship building talent also promote open and transparent communication through trust worthy approach and that also helps in the conflict resolution. On the other hand there are employee performance related issue. That means the management lacks the motivation talent and that is why the employee engagement is low. This low moral then hits the performance of the company (Cummings and Worley, 2014).There are also ethical problem that the organisation faces. There the manager needs to promote accountability culture in the organisation to reduce such issue. Team dynamics is one of the dilemmas and the work suffers. The talent for relation building can also come for help in that situation where the manager ensures trust on him or her to make the work efficient. Recommendation The research is critical for the effective and efficient functioning of the organisation. There is real scarcity of good managerial talent in the organisation. But the report indicates that an efficient team in the organisation might have some good management talent hidden in it. The manager should have an observation skill to find out these talents for the organisation. The article differentiates between to skills and the talent for the management post. The talent also becomes critical for the success of the organisation as that influences many factors which drive the organisation to the success (Simons, 2013).The talent cannot be cultivated but only be identified. That is why the management need to develop managers identifying technique rather than developing training module to improve management talent. Indirect Quotation The role of the manager can be described through the individualistic approach (Cie?li?ska, 2007). Here the manager has the ability to influence the situation and the result is dependent on the managerial ability in performing the duty of the job. Direct Quotation The key drivers of employee engagement identified include communication, opportunities for employees to feed their views upwards and thinking that their managers are committed to the organisation (Kular et al., 2008). Reference Aswathappa, K., and Reddy, G. S. (2009).Organisational behaviour(Vol. 12). Himalaya Publishing House. Augier, M., and Teece, D. J. (2009). Dynamic capabilities and the role of managers in business strategy and economic performance.Organization science,20(2), 410-421. Beck, R., and Harter, J. (2014). Why good managers are so rare.Harvard Business Review Blog,(https://blogs. hbr. org/2014/03/why-good-managers-are-sorare, 01.04. 2015). Cie?li?ska, K. (2007). The basic roles of manager in business organization.Roczniki Akademii Rolniczej w Poznaniu, 3-12. Cummings, T. G., Worley, C. G. (2014).Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Daft, R. (2006).Organization theory and design. Cengage learning. Kular, S., Gatenby, M., Rees, C., Soane, E., Truss, K. (2008). Employee engagement: a literature review. Peffers, K., Tuunanen, T., Rothenberger, M. A., and Chatterjee, S. (2007). A design science research methodology for information systems research.Journal of management information systems,24(3), 45-77. Simons, R. (2013).Levers of organization design: How managers use accountability systems for greater performance and commitment. Harvard Business Press. Tony Padillahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18108597118313242549noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2416408530472439118.post-64134066165499347082019-12-04T13:27:00.001-08:002019-12-04T13:27:03.153-08:00Psycho Movie Paper free essay sample One of the best aspects of Psycho is the outstanding camera work. The movie is full of unexpected surprises that makes the audience jump, gasp or scream in surprise and fright. Hitchcock uses constant shadow and ââ¬Å"pop outâ⬠techniques that enhance the suspense and give rise to tension that build and builds until it is unleashed in startling ââ¬Ëpop outââ¬â¢ scenes that leave the audience gasping. The film effects, especially during the murder scenes, I believe made the movie. The scene where Arbogast decides to investigate the Bates household while Norman is away and Normanââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"motherâ⬠pops out from the room and seemingly murders the unsuspecting detective is a great example of this kind of camera work. The film also incorporates elements of the unknown using shadows to keep up the mystery and suspense. The infamous shower scene where Norman Bates stalks into the bathroom as a shadowy figure that has come to murder Janet Leigh gives the audience a spine tingling feeling of fear and keeps the audience guessing as to who the real murderer is. We will write a custom essay sample on Psycho Movie Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The movie was also shot in black and white which adds to the eerie feeling. Hitchcock uses close ups of the actors, shot from odd angles to crete an uneasy feeling for the viewer. The scene when Marian is on her way down the highway after buying her used car, she is filmed driving towards destination but the camera angle is mostly a mid-shot of her view driving the car. After the murder of Marion Crane, the camera zoomed up close to the face of the victim giving the viewers a frightening view of a dead person. The bottom line is that a curtain flying back and a helpless women in the shower being slashed to death while violins screeched violently in the background made many young teens of the time fear their bathtubs and showers. One of the greatest aspects of the movie was the endless string of plot twists and turns. Not only is the plotline immense, but it is full of unexpected events, 360 degree turns and a myriad of suspenseful situations that keep the audience on the edge of their seats. Unexpected events keep the plot rolling along like Marion Crane running away and stealing money. The police officer that questions Marion when she was on the run built up suspense as it led the audience to believe that she might get caught with the 4000 dollars that she stole. The dinner with Marion and Norman before she was murdered gave the sense that Norman was a weird guy who stuffed birds. Plot twist such as Marion Crane being suddenly murdered and Arbogast, the detective, who was close to solving the case being unexpectedly murdered kept the audience guessing. The movie ended with the huge surprise of Norman Batesââ¬â¢ mother, the leading suspect in the murders, turning out to have been dead for two years while her son, Norman committed the murders. Janet Leigh plays an excellent role as Marion Crane, who is on the run with 4000 dollars in search of a new life. The fact that she makes a stop at the Bates Motel adds blood and gore to the movie to make the must-see horror flick of its time. Another thing that made Psycho stand out from other horror movies before it was the type of conflict that the film Horror films up to then had been mostly about man battling oversized or bigger than life monsters. This was just man against a little nerdy man. Hitchcockââ¬â¢s Psycho was inspired by the real life notorious serial killer, Ed Gein. The horror movie audience was used to seeing people battling oversized, non-human creatures such as Godzilla, Dracula, Frankenstein or the Creature from the Black Lagoon. Psycho was one of the first movies to use a psychotic person as the bad guy in a horror context. Psycho inspired movies such as; Friday the 13th with Jason Forgees and Halloween with Michael Myers. Both of these classics followed Psychoââ¬â¢s storyline using the concept of a crazed man with maternal issues killing people with a large knife. The movie, Psycho is a classic film that used innovative camera work combined with a fantastic plot full of unexpected twists and turns and a new type of villain to create a movie that would be used as a horror model for decades. Alfred Hitchcock was a genius who was not afraid to take chances and step outside the box to keep the audience on their toes, or under their seats. Psych has stood the test of time. It was widely considered one of the best horror movies of all time when it came out and it has served as a model and stood up favorably since then. Tony Padillahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18108597118313242549noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2416408530472439118.post-81157912515252817292019-11-28T03:24:00.001-08:002019-11-28T03:24:04.346-08:00Research Paper on Gangs Essay ExampleResearch Paper on Gangs Essay A gang is a specific group of people, who are united on the basis of a certain idea, purpose, kind of activity, preferences, age, and exist and ââ¬Ëworkââ¬â¢ on a particular territory. Every band is often opposed by the other one, which possesses some other believes and supports another idea. This reason always become the basis for numerous conflicts, even wars. According to the opinion of the general public, every gang exists only to commit all sort of crimes. Crimes have always accompanied the human civilization and criminals acted individually very seldom. The most typical and effective way to commit crimes is gathering into gangs. Gangs have a very complicated and strict structure or organization. There is always the head of a gang. This gang member is probably the oldest one and likely possesses the smallest criminal record and they always have great authority and power to control the activity of the gang and recruit new members. The members of the gangs often try to identify themselves with clothes, haircuts, various symbols or signs. The topic of gangs is quite important and stressing, because only in the US there are 30,000 gangs, with 760,000 members who are dangerous for people around. Many people all over the world are targets of the attack of various gangs who do it from different motives and purposes. The topic about gangs should present the historical background of the problem, deep analysis of the functioning of gangs, their structure, and reasons of creation and results of their activity. Quite useful will be tables and graphs with statistics on the topic. Finally, a good research paper should present the ways which are helpful for people to protect themselves from the attacks and various tips with useful advice how to act when you face gang members on the street. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Gangs specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Gangs specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Gangs specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Students who need to write research paper on gangs in America will have to read much to understand the topic well. There are many reliable books, encyclopedias, magazines and newspapers which are dedicated to the research of the gangs and their nature. Students should not limit themselves with the reading of the literary sources, but free example research papers on gangs in prison will be interesting and helpful to those students who can not find enough facts concerning the topic and want to know how a paper should be organized. Nearly every free sample research paper on street gangs is prepared by a professional writer who shows the proper way of paper writing. Reading such a paper you realize the structure of the paper, format and the way of presentation of data. At EssayLib.com custom writing service you can buy a custom research paper on Gangs topics. Your research paper will be written from scratch. We hire top-rated Ph.D. and Masterââ¬â¢s writers only to provide students with professional research paper assistance at affordable rates. Each customer will get a non-plagiarized paper with timely delivery. Just visit our website and fill in the order form with all paper details: Enjoy our professional research paper writing service! Tony Padillahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18108597118313242549noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2416408530472439118.post-83150610948731610622019-11-24T10:58:00.001-08:002019-11-24T10:58:03.135-08:00Exchange Trip TragedyExchange Trip Tragedy What is important for ensuring the safety on school field trip? Hashtag: #Germanwings Exchange Trip Tragedy Two teachers and 16 of their 10th-grade students perished when German Wings Flight 4U9525 crashed in the French Alps last March 24. These high school students spent a weeklong exchange trip in a town near Barcelona and on their way back to Haltern, a rural town, 80 kilometers North East of Dusseldorf, Germany when the tragedy occurred. School-sponsored off school field trips are designed to enhance classroom learning, cultivate a variety of interest among students, and expose them to a different culture. An ââ¬Å"Exchange Tripâ⬠exclusively provides students with an opportunity to study language and gain overseas experience. For instance, the 10th graders who were on board Flight AU9525 were given the opportunity to learn Spanish language and culture in a town near Barcelona. However, although the objective of school field trip greatly benefits students in terms of knowledge and skills, such activity is risky and involved several health and safety concerns. Most parents are worried about field tripââ¬â¢s inherent risk of injuries such as falls, slips, and others and the ratio of teachers to students in ensuring the safety of each participant. The above concerns are legitimate as in reality, a significant number of students perished or were severely injured during their field trips. For instance, seven students of a State University crossing a river during their educational tour died when the water suddenly surged and swept them away. Two middle school students on a field trip were severely injured when the small aircraft carrying them skidded off the runway and went down on a steep embankment at Rock Airport in Pennsylvania, U.S. in 2011. In 2014, hundreds of Korean high school students on a field trip to Holiday Island drowned when their ferry suddenly sank and swept away by subsequent strong currents and underflow. Why Are You Not in Class and There Bleeding Ensuring the Safety on School Field Trip Most schoolsââ¬â¢ field trip policy holds trip leaders directly responsible for the safety of all students, staff, and volunteers, during a field trip. Under this policy, trip leaders are commonly expected to perform several basic duties such as warn and inform, provide instructions and safety equipment, supervise, and provide swift and appropriate post-injury care. Supervising hundreds of students at all times and exercising close control over them during a field trip seems nearly impossible for field trip leaders but it can be done through systematic accounting and assigning the right number of supervisors for a particular field trip. For instance, a number of students, age, maturity, type and duration of a field trip, transportation, and emergency requirements are factors for determining the number of chaperones required. Since field trips concern parents, it is critical for trip leaders or teachers to acquire permission and provide parents with necessary information such as the purpose of the trip, food and clothing requirements, and others. Controlling students during a field trip is much easier when they are well informed and committed to their own safety. For instance, students who clearly understand the reasons for safety guidelines are likely to internalize a commitment to safeguard themselves and others and become a vigilant teacherââ¬â¢s partner in safety. For as long as safety measures are strictly followed, air travel according to study is still one of the safest forms of travel. In fact, although surviving an aircraft accident is low, commercial airlines accidents are relatively rare. School-sponsored exchange trips, therefore, should continue and not be discouraged by the recent German Wings crash. Tony Padillahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18108597118313242549noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2416408530472439118.post-59287129737894009402019-11-21T07:14:00.001-08:002019-11-21T07:14:07.592-08:00Medical School Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 wordsMedical School - Personal Statement Example n and suffering in this world be minimized, I see a career in a medical related discipline as my way of helping other become happy in their life and, in return, for them to be able give back to society by living a healthy and productive life. My specific area of interest is to either become an orthopedic surgeon or to work in an area of internal medicine. Through it all, I feel that my role in either of these two areas will help me help others improve their overall well-being. Having grown up in a low-income household within a poor bedrock community, I can see myself working in such an area as I begin my medical career. Just as various individuals have come into my life through the years to motivate me to escape a life of poverty, I feel I can help instill a passion in others to do the same. Also, as a disproportionate number of poor people live in ill-health, without adequate access to quality medical care, this is definitely an area that I can feel I can be an asset. Looking back on my life, I can say that my interest in pursuing a career in medicine began when I was in middle school. As a teenager, even though I lived in a poorer demographic group, I honestly felt full of hope and optimism for the future. I thought everyone was filled with such hope, yet various incidences and my own studies quickly made me realize the the world is full of oppression and despair. I knew then, as I know now, that I want to be an agent of change for these individuals. As I moved through my adolescent years, I had various friends who had parents die of cancer or heart disease. I also saw family members become extremely ill due to their poor health, and this began to trouble me. Asking myself why people did not always seem to take adequate care of themselves, I realized that it was because they likely did not know any better. At that time I decided that I could be such a person that bought medical knowledge and care to those in my community. Hence my desire now to Tony Padillahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18108597118313242549noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2416408530472439118.post-5532385588520071472019-11-20T08:41:00.001-08:002019-11-20T08:41:04.718-08:00Cost of Production - Larson & Larson Company AssignmentCost of Production - Larson & Larson Company - Assignment Example 8660/12800 = ?0.68/unit For T, 50 labour hours @ ?12 + ?1800 for 2,400 Rate per unit = ?2400/2400 = ?1/unit Part b ABC system would be used if the other costs such as run and inspection are actually considered to obtain the true value of the project costs. With the weighted percentages, it can be possible to determine the product value considering each part of the process. In addition to the works on OAR, we calculate according the apportionment of the other expenses such that we will have the calculation that includes all the aspects for ABC as follows: For R, 68 x ? 12 apportioned appropriately in the ratio 3:4:3 then calculated for one unit by dividing by 560, the value is then added to other cost due to material and direct labour hours. = ?1.46/unit The total unit cost of R being ?2.69/ unit ?2.69/ unit1.46/ unit = ?3.15/unit For S, = 50 x ? 12 in the ratio 3:4:3 and calculated for one unit by dividing by 12,800 = 600/12800 = ?0.05/unit Total unit cost being 0.68 + 0.05 = ?0.73/u nit For T, would similarly be obtained as 58 x ?12/600 + ?1/unit =?2.26/unit Part c ABC as a method or accpunting model as developed inorder to solve problems related to accounting that has actually evolved over time due to the change in technology as well operations within the industries (Warren, Reeve & Fess 2005). It is clear that overhead costs have been increasing in companies to the point that it may be extremely difficult to use the direct methods which only emphasized on resources as well as the absorbed costs of the out. This assumed at a great expense, the impact of operations and the many intermediaries involved which comprise of the majority of the overhead costs. ABC therefore is the only practical remedy to the inefficiencies of the traditional accounting methods. At the core of ABC there exist very important principles and arguments which contribute to differentiating it from other accounting methods. ABC holds that the cost objects will consume the activities contrar y to the principle of other traditional accounting methods which argue that cost objects may only consume the resources (Naidu, Babu & Rajendra 2006). In normal operations, the costs actually will end utilizing the activities in the production line which actually depend on the resources. This aspect makes ABC more realistic and effective in determine the unit cost of production. Whereas other traditional methods base on volume allocation of the production resources, ABC considers the drivers at each level and their effect on production to determine the allocation. The drivers considered include activity drivers as well as the activity drivers which check every other production element and its cause effect relationship to the output. Further difference and principle of ABC comes from the fact that the traditional accounting are developed on the basis of structures while ABC actually depends on the process itself and therefore takes care of the various that may occur in the process. A BC begins from the process as it moves upwards to assess the amount of resources utilized and that might be required. Critically, ABC analyses the activities with the understanding that it is not easy or possible to manage costs but the activities causing the costs are manageable so that in the end, it is the activities that the organization takes or that is taken in the production process which will determine the costs (Pryor 1998). The Tony Padillahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18108597118313242549noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2416408530472439118.post-10718526530712588202019-11-17T23:43:00.001-08:002019-11-17T23:43:03.000-08:00Economic analysis of the new system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 wordsEconomic analysis of the new system - Essay Example The new economic system requires monthly equipment training (1 hour training), Monthly software training (1 hour training), and monthly IT training on new system software. The return on investment is very significant to a company because it predicts the ratio or percentage of profits or gains to cost. However, the company manager need to understand that return on investment does not talk about time nor does it show how long a business might take to gain a certain percentage. In addition, it does not demonstrate the risk or danger of an investment. Payback analysis is very significant since it shows the duration a business takes for the entire gains from an investment to reach the cumulative cost. Therefore, investments with less time for payback have lower risks or danger than those with much time or longer periods have. The benefits are tangible and intangible. The tangible benefits are enhanced quality and inventory. In addition, it facilitates inclusion of all devices with real components, it give mobile users time to carry out practical transactions in absence of an available terminal. It improves lead-time reduction, helps to ensure all devices are built with the correct components the first time, a dramatic reduction in costly material scraps and wasted overhead that result from rework and by minimizing the risk of mixed components. It also Improve operator efficiencies, PCVs use of mobile devices gives users the freedom to perform real-time transactions while they work without having to seek out an available terminal. Additionally, intangible Benefits are indirect benefits that cannot be seen. For instance, such benefits are enhancing customer service via increased access and increased company control, which in turn avoids misuse of company resources. Further, it Increases companyââ¬â¢s tr ansparency and responsibility, less chance of "losing" documents and Tony Padillahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18108597118313242549noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2416408530472439118.post-7120647833856691282019-11-15T12:15:00.001-08:002019-11-15T12:15:10.901-08:00Effect of Globalization on Business and Profit MakingEffect of Globalization on Business and Profit Making Chapter 1 Throughout history, profit-making entities (among other) have constructed an ever-more-global economy. In the last 15 years or so, unprecedented changes in communications and computer technologies have given the process new momentum. Multinational corporations manufacture products in many countries and sell to consumers around the world. Money, know-how and raw materials move ever more rapidly across national borders. Along with products and finances, ideas and cultures mingle more unreservedly. As globally mobile capital reorganises business firms, it sweeps away regulation and undermines local and national politics. Globalisation creates new spins of old trading ideas (auctions are becoming increasingly prevalent in buying and selling); it starts new markets and it contributes to wealth, even as it causes extensive distress, chaos, and strife. It is both a source of tyranny and a medium for global movements of social integrity and liberation. Undoubtedly, in the first quarter of the 21st century, the profit-making firm functions in an environment full of global opportunities and threats; and in the wake of recent corporate scandals, the firm, simultaneously, is heavily constrained by ethical self-restraining as well as innovative regulations enforced by domestic and global-governance institutions. 1 Globalisation According to A.T. Kearney/Foreign Policy Globalization Index (2003), which is based on indicators such as economic integration, technological connectivity, personal contact, and political engagement (see Table 1 below), from about 1999 to 2003, global foreign direct investment and portfolio capital flows slowed down significantly thus contributing to the weakening of globalisation. Other global trends, especially international tourism, telephone traffic and worldwide access to the internet stayed strong helping to compensate for the weakening of international economic ties, thus deepening global links overall. What are the lessons that the profit-making firm may derive from the globalisation of economic activity? It appears that global markets, as discussed in the remainder of the section, ââ¬Ëoffer to the firm less legal restrictions, induce reduction in excess capacity, cause higher market concentration and contribute to higher profits. Consider 1, which links together two 2-dimensional diagrams: one has its origin in the southwest with global concentration measured on the vertical axis and profits on the horizontal; the other has its origin in the northeast with excess capacity measured on the vertical axis and legal restrictions on the horizontal. As it is discussed below, globalisation enables firms to move ââ¬Ënortheast from point A to point B. Table 1 A.T. Kearney/Foreign Policy Globalization Index (2003) The 2003 results do not show causation, but they do point to significant correlations; they demonstrate that the most global countries are those where residents live the longest, healthiest lives; women enjoy the strongest social, educational, and economic progress; global integration leads to secularisation. For the third year in a row, in 2003, Ireland ranks as the most global, due to the countrys deep economic links and high levels of personal contact with the rest of the world. Western Europe claimed six out of the ten most globally integrated countries in this years survey. And the USA broke into the top ten, ranking first in the number of secure servers and internet hosts per capita. Countries from Central and Eastern Europe, Australasia, and Southeast Asia also made it into the upper tier (the five most global countries are reported above followed by the top five global firms in Europe and Asia). Ranking indicators à · Economic integration: trade, foreign direct investment, portfolio capital flows, and investment income. à · Technological connectivity: internet users, internet hosts, and secured servers. à · Personal contact: international travel and tourism, international telephone traffic, and remittances and personal transfers (including worker remittances, compensation to employees, and other person-to-person and non-governmental transfers). à · Political engagement: memberships in international organisations, personnel and financial contributions to UN Security Council missions, international treaties ratified, and governmental transfers. 1.1 Legal restrictions As globalisation expands, many firms find themselves (by choice or coincidence) operating in countries that impose less legal business regulations relative to their home countries. Global firms put pressure on local governments to establish more favourable business regulations or refrain from enforcing their regulatory laws (regardless of how minimal or fair they are) or, if such laws do not exist, to avoid applying them. As a result, less regulated or totally unregulated markets reduce barriers on the flow of goods and money across borders, creating a more integrated and profitable global economy. Over regulation: Business firms in developing nations face much larger regulatory constraints than those in developed nations; as reported in Doing Business in 2005 [World Bank, (2004), p.3], ââ¬Å"(a) they face 3 times the administrative costs, and nearly twice as many bureaucratic procedures and delays associated with them. And they have fewer than half the protections of property rights of rich countries. (b) Heavy regulation and weak property rights exclude the poor from doing business. In poor countiers 40% of the economy is informal. Women, young and low-skilled workers are hurt the most.â⬠The lowering of over regulatory constraints is actively pursued because it brings benefits to firms (they spend less money and time on dealing with regulations) and to governments (they spend fewer resources regulating and more providing social services). Moreover, fewer regulations attract foreign firms with all benefits and, of course, costs associated with them. Hence, globalisation enables firms to benefit from the removal of unnecessary regulations and the establishing of trade-encouraging, incentive-loaded laws. At the same time though due to ââ¬Ëglobal complexity, the emergence of new innovative technology-driven markets as well as inability of regulatory authorities to enforce the existing legal enactments (reformed or not), some firms, as described below under illicit trade, may avoid compliance with domestic or international laws. Illicit trade: The fact that, globally, unlawful trade in products and services involving intellectual property, money laundering, third shift production and alien smuggling has been on the rise, implies that authorities in various countries experience hard time in dealing with the problem. As Naim (2003) writes, intellectual property illegalities, a modern kind of piracy, involves business software, shampoos, motorbikes, medical drugs, industrial valves, supply of illegally copied copyrighted music, and among other, theft of brand names. In Naims words: ââ¬Å"Governments have attempted to protect intellectual property rights through various means, most notably the World Trade Organizations Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). Several other organizations such as the World Intellectual Property Organization, the World Customs Union, and Interpol are also involved. Yet the large and growing volume of this trade, or a simple stroll in the streets of Manhattan or Madrid, show that governments are far from winning this fight.â⬠Additionally, deregulations of financial markets have given rise to rogue global banking, tax havens, and money laundering. All these factors make possible cross-border money transfers, while simultaneously, improvements in electronic technologies make distance less of a barrier and turn money into e-money defined by Naim as ââ¬Å"cards with microchips that can store large amounts of money and thus can be easily transported outside regular channels or simply exchanged among individuals.â⬠Naim states that ââ¬Å"estimates of the volume of global money laundering range between 2 and 5 percent of the worlds annual gross national product, or between $800 billion and $2 trillion. â⬠¦ The sophistication of technology, the complex web of financial institutions that crisscross the globe, and the ease with which ââ¬Å"dirtyâ⬠funds can be electronically morphed into legitimate assets make the regulation of international flows of money a daunting taskâ⬠magnified by the introduction of e-money.â⬠Moreover, according to the United Nations, alien smuggling is the fastest growing business of organised crime. According to Naim, this kind of modern enslavement has become a $7 billion a year enterprise and it involves mostly women and children; and contrary to the efforts made by governments to curtail the problem, especially in the UK, Southern Europe and in the USA, the problem is becoming more difficult and complicated over time. Again, Naim puts it graphically: ââ¬Å"A woman can be ââ¬Å"boughtâ⬠in Timisoara, Romania, for between $50 and $200 and ââ¬Å"resoldâ⬠in Western Europe for 10 times that price. The United Nations Childrens Fund estimates that cross-border smugglers in Central and Western Africa enslave 200,000 children a year. Traffickers initially tempt victims with job offers or, in the case of children, with offers of adoption in wealthier countries, and then keep the victims in subservience through physical violence, debt bondage, passport confiscation, and threats of arrest, deportation, or violence against their families back home.â⬠And of course, intellectual property, humans, and financial capital are not the only products and/or services traded illegally for big profits by global networks. There are also markets in human organs, endangered species, stolen fine art, and deadly industrial waste. The unlawful worldwide trades in all these merchandise and services share numerous essential characteristics such as high-tech innovations, societal and political transformations and open fresh markets. Fast spreading globalisation causes the regulatory environment to become more complex which serves as a cover for opportunistic profit through illicit trade, networks and markets. At the same time, governments are becoming increasingly ineffective in dealing with the problem. Although the global community attempts to regulate global business activity through entities such as the World Trade Organization (WTO), the International Monetary Fund (IMF) the World Bank (WB), alliances such as the G-7, or the G-20, and treaties such as the Kyoto Protocol, the global business environment, by and large, is becoming gradually freer. 1.2 Global concentration As legal constraints become wobblier, the power of global firms, in terms of concentration, increases. Widespread merger and acquisition (MA) activities between already big industrial and financial firms started during the 1990s. The new gigantic corporations, by and large, control a large global market share in their respective industries. The build up in global concentration has sweeping implications for the 21st century. As reported by Mohamed (2004) ââ¬Å"total global mergers activity grew from over $150 billion in 1992 to over $2000 billion in 1998, when eight of the worlds ten largest mergers took place. By 1999 it was over $330 billion.â⬠The enhanced mass and influence of these new giants has been central to the intuition that globalisation advances at a blazing speed. In general, most of these global activities, such as MA, foreign direct investment and international trade, are between developed nations. Mohamed reports that ââ¬Å"this concentration of economic power and activity is clearly illustrated by the fact that over 95% of the companies on the Fortune 500 (ranked by value of sales) and FT (Financial Times) 500 (ranked by market capitalization) lists are developed-country companies. In addition, only a handful of developing-country companies feature on the list of the top 300 companies ranked by expenditure on research and development (RD). When one considers that developed countries have less than 20% of the worlds population then the magnitude of the disparities in the global economy cannot be more evident.â⬠Escalated global economic concentration was caused by a number of actions. There was a shift towards focusing on core activities that led to unbundling of formerly diversified conglomerates. There were vast investments in knowledge capital, primarily in hardware, software and information technology (IT) services. Much of the RD outlays of multinational corporations has been on IT, which has helped develop coordination of all aspects of their dealings internationally. There has been globalisation of mass media (e.g., CNN and BBC), which has led to the creation of global franchises (e.g., McDonalds and Wal-Mart), global brands (e.g., Nike) and global marketing infrastructure. The global reach, multiplication and liberalisation of financial markets as well as rapid growth of international capital flows since the 1970s contributed to the growth of multinational corporations. Much of the funds for the new giants came from institutional investors, who prefer big companies that sell popular brands, control large market shares, invest significantly on RD and focus on their nucleus activities. Additionally, as reported by Mohamed, ââ¬Å"the process of global concentration that started in the 1990s happens not only in leading companies but also upstream in their suppliers and downstream in companies distributing their products. The leading companies have pressured their suppliers and distributors to work more closely with them and to become global leaders in their own areas by also growing through MAs. This process has further concentrated the global economy.â⬠1.3 Excess capacity The massiveness of the global market (the market size effect) along with adaptive, flexible and responsive marketing (the marketing effect) enables global firms to sell more. Additionally, they sell at reduced prices because of lower production costs due to outsourcing and insourcing as well as due to new inexpensive technologies such as the internet and the cell phone (the cost effect). Obviously, market and marketing effects induce firms to reduce their excess capacity but cost effects enable firms to add excess capacity. Whether or not the reduction in excess capacity is in absolute value greater than the increase in excess capacity is an empirical question. Undoubtedly, global manufacturing is on the rise enabling firms to become more adaptable, more flexible in production and distribution as well as more responsive to the needs of customers; and since the global economy is on the rebound after the depths it reached in 2008/2009, see Table 2, it is perhaps reasonable to believe that rising global demand will contribute to a reduction in excess capacity which, in absolute value, would exceed the increase in excess capacity leading to more profit and, hopefully, to improved global economic well-being. Finally, as stated by Helpman (2006), in this global economy we have experienced rapid expansion of trade in services and trade in intermediate inputs. With respect to exports [Helpman, (2006), p.590], ââ¬Å"only a small fraction of firms export, they are larger and more productive than firms that serve only the domestic market, and more firms export to larger markets. A small fraction of firms engage in FDI, and these firms are larger and more productive than exporting firms.â⬠And although according to Helpman (2006, p.591), the theory of comparative advantage, as an explanation of intersectoral international trade, and the theory of imperfect competition, as an explanation of intra-industry trade, are still valid, globalisation brings ââ¬Å"to trade theory a new focus: the organizational choices of individual firms. By focusing on the characteristics of individual firms, the theory can address new questions: Which firms serve foreign markets? And how do they serve them, i.e., which choose to export and which choose to serve foreign markets via FDI? Under what circumstances do they outsource in a foreign country rather than at home? And if they choose integration, under what circumstances do they choose to integrate in a foreign country, via FDI, rather than to integrate at home?â⬠Table 2 Real projected gross domestic product (GDP) and growth rates of GDP for regions (in billions of 2005 dollars) 2000-2015 GDP Year 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2015 W 39190.56 44828.46 46641.28 48405.39 49297.02 47992.14 49005.27 58114.16 D 29313.46 32197.09 33091.60 33890.60 34017.97 32749.26 33146.61 37232.39 D less US 18220.25 19763.70 20300.67 20825.75 20895.84 19955.19 20032.69 22162.27 DE 8416.01 10729.04 11507.29 12319.63 12977.47 13056.42 13653.30 18126.72 FCP 1461.09 1902.34 2042.39 2195.16 2301.59 2186.46 2205.35 2755.04 EM 5890.55 7647.06 8198.94 8812.17 9278.61 9278.48 9704.73 12953.24 Annual growth rates Year 2001 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2015 W 1.71 3.38 4.04 3.78 1.84 -2.65 2.11 3.45 D 1.27 2.31 2.78 2.41 0.38 -3.73 1.21 2.32 D less US 1.59 1.84 2.72 2.59 0.34 -4.50 0.39 2.07 DE 2.78 6.30 7.25 7.06 5.34 0.61 4.57 5.68 FCP 4.50 5.72 7.36 7.48 4.85 -5.00 0.86 4.57 EM 3.55 6.09 7.22 7.48 5.29 0.00 4.59 5.78 Notes: W = World; D = Developed nations; D less US = Developed nations less US; DE = Developing nations; FCP = Former centrally planned nations EM = Emerging market nations. Source: Data found in World Bank World Development Indicators, International Financial Statistics of the IMF, Global Insight, and Oxford Economic Forecasting, as well as estimated and projected values developed by the Economic Research Service all converted to a 2005 base year. Available at http://www.ers.usda.gov/Data/Macroeconomics/Data/ProjectedRealGDPValues.xls. 1.4 Insourcing and urbanisation in developing economies Insourcing (incoming foreign direct investment) and outsourcing (outgoing foreign direct investment) have been contributing to net benefits of formal firms in both developed and developing nations and in turn to the well being of all. Drezner (2004, p.22), in response to rhetoric against outsourcing in the USA, states that ââ¬Å"outsourcing of American jobs to other countries has become a problem of epic proportion. Fortunately, this alarmism is misguided. Outsourcing actually brings far more benefits than costs, both now and in the long run. If its critics succeed in provoking a new wave of American protectionism, the consequences will be disastrous for the U.S. economy and for the American workers they claim to defend.â⬠In developing nations though, insourcing has been transforming local economies in new directions that cause global anxiety. Demographics in China, India and many more economies indicate that populations, in search of jobs and a better life, have been migrating towards urban, industrialised, centres, abandoning their agrarian lands, creating megacities and giving rise to urbanisation-type problems. (See self-explanatory projected population data for China and India in Tables 3 and 4). Table 3 Urban, rural population trends in China Population (000s) 1985 2005 2025 Total 1,070,175 1,321,569 1,480,430 Urban [Proportion (%)] 241,766 [22.6] 507,725 [38.4] 773,155 [52.2] Rural [Proportion (%)] 828,409 [77.4] 813,845 [61.6] 707,275 [47.5] Source: Available at http://ww2.unhabitat.org/habrdd/conditions/eastasia/china.htm. Table 4 Megacity population trends in India Population (000s) 1991 2011 Total 844,272 1,292,506 Delhi 8,723 24,867 Mumbai 12,572 21,780 Calcutta 10,916 16,509 Source: Available at http://www.ifpindia.org/ecrire/upload/press_ifp_website/ indiapolis_articlerelu.pdf. Megacity build-up and abandonment of agrarian lands have been occurring throughout the developing world1. In all these countries, historical data seems to support two stages of development: In Stage I, prior to insourcing, most of the population lives in the agrarian sector on subsistence agriculture and/or on meagre wages from selling their labour. Overpopulation forces people to exist under perpetually poor conditions causing the supply of labour to be perfectly elastic since there is around abundant low-skilled perfectly substitutable agrarian labour. In general, in this stage of development, the agrarian sector may be described by 2, where A = agrarian, e = equilibrium, WA = wage rate, LA = labour, DA = demand of labour, and LA = supply of labour2. Point V corresponds to the amount of available labour in the sector, point T to the amount of labour employed by the informal economy at equilibrium (point e) and (V-T) to the surplus of labour in the agrarian sector. Insourcing gives rise to Stage II. Incoming foreign direct investment takes root in urban centres (in most cases near the coast, e.g., China) and offers higher wages to attract labour from agrarian regions. In this stage, the industrial sector may be described by 3, where I = industrial. It is assumed that at We supply of labour in the industrial sector is equal to zero (workers would have no incentive to migrate if they cannot receive higher wages). Equilibrium initially occurs at eI, where DI is equal to SI, and labourers get paid WeI > We. At this market wage rate, the industrial sector absorbs portion TU of the total surplus labour available in the countryside. In turn, because there is still unused surplus labour in the agrarian sector (portion UV), more insourcing triggers higher demand for labour in the industrial sector (DIà ¢) and migration of the remaining surplus labour; additional migration to urban areas causes the labour supply to become more elastic (the supply functi on flattens and rotates out to SIà ¢). At the new and final equilibrium of eIà ¢, WeIà ¢ The above analysis implies many benefits: employment and income improve; know-how spreads through technology transfer; saving, investment, and tax revenue increase greatly contributing to growth; in addition to the above, people may prefer the city because it is more likely to endeavour entrepreneurial opportunities, find formal education for their children, have access to healthcare, enjoy entertainment, live cosmopolitan lives, and take advantage of proximity to major transposition hubs (for travelling to other countries and inside their own). However, the analysis implies costs as well, especially as they relate to urbanisation, such as: pollution (air, water and land); crime (especially in inner city areas); traffic jams; crowded housing; loss of arable land; food shortages (since people abandon their agrarian fields in the country and/or because they turn agrarian fields near the city into suburbs); creation and stagnation of an informal economy; lack of socialising due to isolation from, and alienation of, neighbours; deterioration in education (due to capacity limitations) as well as healthcare, transportation and governmental services (especially in utilities, fire and police protection); and finally, dependency on food importation, foreign direct investment and foreign capital markets. 1.4.1 Development views: ââ¬Ëromantic, ââ¬Ëparasite and ââ¬Ëdual economy In addition to the above, urbanisation in developing nations spawns informal business firms, which, in general, do not pay taxes or abide by laws and regulations. According to some economists, such firms do not contribute to the overall growth of the economy. Development economists agree though that registered, law abiding, efficiently run entities known as formal business firms have to be encouraged to exist through incentives and governmental policy for they are the only capable of boosting economic growth and development. According to the United Nations (2008, p.1), ââ¬Å"four billion people around the world are robbed of the chance to better their lives and climb out of poverty, because they are excluded from the rule of law.â⬠Informal business firms account for up to about half of economic activity in developing nations but researchers disagree about their role. As explained by La Porta and Shleifer (2008, pp.275-276), ââ¬Å"there are three broad views of this role, (referred) to as the romantic view, the parasite view, and the dual economy ââ¬Ëdual for short view (otherwise known as the) ââ¬ËWal-Mart theory of development.â⬠In the ââ¬Ëromantic view, associated with de Soto (2000), informal firms, which are similar to formal (for example, they attract equally talented employees), are held back by barriers to official recognition: lack of secure property titles, deeds, securities and contracts that describe the economically significant aspects of assets. The lowering of such barriers would improve the ability of firms to borrow against registered and secured property-based collateral; additionally, it would enable them to more easily acquire, and/or merge with, other firms. In contrast, the ââ¬Ëparasite view holds that informal firms, led by less-able, mostly uneducated, entrepreneurs, choose to stay small; as such, they lack the needed scale to operate efficiently and, conveniently, they enjoy cost advantages since they do not pay taxes, offer fringe benefits to employees, follow safety requirements in the workplace or abide by other regulations and the rule of law. These firms impair the economys growth: they reduce overall productivity and they take away market share from more productive formal firms because of their cost advantage over them. Hence, governmental initiatives to uproot these ââ¬Ëparasites (such as enhancing audit capabilities to reduce tax evasion and enforce regulations) would contribute to efficiency, employment, growth and development. Finally, according to the ââ¬Ëdual view, informal and formal firms may coexist as long as government tax and regulatory policies support the development of formal firms without encouraging or discouraging informal firms. Unlike the romantic view, this view holds that formal firms are different than informal: formal firms attract more skilful employees, their owners are better entrepreneurs, they are officially recognised, they can raise capital and they abide by regulations. Unlike the parasite view, the dual view maintains that informal firms are not a threat to formal firms because, for the same products, they charge higher prices (due to inefficient production and thus high costs) and because they mostly operate in different markets selling to different clients. La Porta and Shleifer (2008, p.278) report that empirical evidence supports the ââ¬ËWal-Mart theory of economic development and they stress that ââ¬Å"the dual view sees the (informal) firms as providers of a livelihood to millions, perhaps billions, of extremely poor people, and it cautions against any policies that would raise the costs of these firms. This view sees the hope of economic development in policies, such as human capital, tax, and regulatory policies, that promote the creation of (formal) firms, letting the (informal) ones die as the economy develops.â⬠2 The increasing relevance of auctions Firms may participate in auctions as buyers (bidders) or sellers (auctioneers). As buyers, they want to maximise buyer surplus (the difference between what they would be willing to bid at and the bid they actually pay). As sellers, they want to maximise profit (the difference between the bid they would be willing to sell at and the cost of the auctions object). Although any entity may rely on auctions for selling and buying, a few ââ¬Ëliaison firms have become very famous over their valuable and pioneering business concepts. Such firms are Christies, Sothebys, and eBay.com. Retail, franchise or land acquisition, government procurement, and various services, among many more, rely on auction-type selling and buying. For example, retail stores (such as Filenes Basement in Boston) report a price on an items tag but the actual price paid by the client is lower the more time the item is up for sale on the floor; in turn, unsold items are donated to charitable organisations. Similarly, sellers in fresh produce markets lower prices towards the end of the day prior to disposing off the items. Governments purchase military assets and/or services of engineers for public infrastructure by relying on bids submitted by the sellers of those services and franchise owners bid for the privilege to own a franchise licence. Home developers, often, buy land in multiple lots through auctions and, of course, eBay has turned every single person on the planet into a potential auctioneer and/or a bidder. Auction results depend on many factors such as type of auctions or design, information of bidders valuations (which may be identical or different) and their attitudes towards risk, whether or not bidders bid on many or on a bundle of units and, of course, on whether or not bidders and auctioneers act ethically. For more details and a guide to literature see Klemperer (1999). 2.1 Bidders (or buyers) Table 5 describes five well-known auction types. Bidders in an English auction would have the incentive to bid higher than other bidders but lower than their true valuation. An advantage to English auctions is that, during the auction, bidders may swiftly revise bids upwards (up to but not higher than whatever they are willing to pay) based on information about the valuations of other bidders in the auction. Bidders in Dutch and First-Price Sealed-Bid auctions would have the incentive to bid strategically so that they never lose to someone with a lower valuation of the item under auction. A strategy for the bidder in these auctions would be to shade down the bid to the unknown second highest bid. As explained by Pepall et al. (2005, pp.640-641), each bidder may estimate the second highest bid as follows: assuming that each bidder in the auction believes that her valuation is the highest, if bidders draw from a uniform distribution [0, Ãâ¦] with all N bidders equally spaced on this interval (where Ã⦠= highest bid), then the average of the highest value in samples of size N drawn from [0, Ãâ¦], or the second highest bid, would be [(N 1) / N]Ãâ¦. (For example, if there are N = 5 bidders and a bidders highest valuation is $100, then the second highest valuation is [(5 1) / 5] $100 = $80; hence, the optimal bid for this bidder would be $80). But, if the bidder is wrong on her beli ef that she is the highest bidder she may lose the auction. Thus, bid shading implies a possible benefit an Effect of Globalization on Business and Profit Making Effect of Globalization on Business and Profit Making Chapter 1 Throughout history, profit-making entities (among other) have constructed an ever-more-global economy. In the last 15 years or so, unprecedented changes in communications and computer technologies have given the process new momentum. Multinational corporations manufacture products in many countries and sell to consumers around the world. Money, know-how and raw materials move ever more rapidly across national borders. Along with products and finances, ideas and cultures mingle more unreservedly. As globally mobile capital reorganises business firms, it sweeps away regulation and undermines local and national politics. Globalisation creates new spins of old trading ideas (auctions are becoming increasingly prevalent in buying and selling); it starts new markets and it contributes to wealth, even as it causes extensive distress, chaos, and strife. It is both a source of tyranny and a medium for global movements of social integrity and liberation. Undoubtedly, in the first quarter of the 21st century, the profit-making firm functions in an environment full of global opportunities and threats; and in the wake of recent corporate scandals, the firm, simultaneously, is heavily constrained by ethical self-restraining as well as innovative regulations enforced by domestic and global-governance institutions. 1 Globalisation According to A.T. Kearney/Foreign Policy Globalization Index (2003), which is based on indicators such as economic integration, technological connectivity, personal contact, and political engagement (see Table 1 below), from about 1999 to 2003, global foreign direct investment and portfolio capital flows slowed down significantly thus contributing to the weakening of globalisation. Other global trends, especially international tourism, telephone traffic and worldwide access to the internet stayed strong helping to compensate for the weakening of international economic ties, thus deepening global links overall. What are the lessons that the profit-making firm may derive from the globalisation of economic activity? It appears that global markets, as discussed in the remainder of the section, ââ¬Ëoffer to the firm less legal restrictions, induce reduction in excess capacity, cause higher market concentration and contribute to higher profits. Consider 1, which links together two 2-dimensional diagrams: one has its origin in the southwest with global concentration measured on the vertical axis and profits on the horizontal; the other has its origin in the northeast with excess capacity measured on the vertical axis and legal restrictions on the horizontal. As it is discussed below, globalisation enables firms to move ââ¬Ënortheast from point A to point B. Table 1 A.T. Kearney/Foreign Policy Globalization Index (2003) The 2003 results do not show causation, but they do point to significant correlations; they demonstrate that the most global countries are those where residents live the longest, healthiest lives; women enjoy the strongest social, educational, and economic progress; global integration leads to secularisation. For the third year in a row, in 2003, Ireland ranks as the most global, due to the countrys deep economic links and high levels of personal contact with the rest of the world. Western Europe claimed six out of the ten most globally integrated countries in this years survey. And the USA broke into the top ten, ranking first in the number of secure servers and internet hosts per capita. Countries from Central and Eastern Europe, Australasia, and Southeast Asia also made it into the upper tier (the five most global countries are reported above followed by the top five global firms in Europe and Asia). Ranking indicators à · Economic integration: trade, foreign direct investment, portfolio capital flows, and investment income. à · Technological connectivity: internet users, internet hosts, and secured servers. à · Personal contact: international travel and tourism, international telephone traffic, and remittances and personal transfers (including worker remittances, compensation to employees, and other person-to-person and non-governmental transfers). à · Political engagement: memberships in international organisations, personnel and financial contributions to UN Security Council missions, international treaties ratified, and governmental transfers. 1.1 Legal restrictions As globalisation expands, many firms find themselves (by choice or coincidence) operating in countries that impose less legal business regulations relative to their home countries. Global firms put pressure on local governments to establish more favourable business regulations or refrain from enforcing their regulatory laws (regardless of how minimal or fair they are) or, if such laws do not exist, to avoid applying them. As a result, less regulated or totally unregulated markets reduce barriers on the flow of goods and money across borders, creating a more integrated and profitable global economy. Over regulation: Business firms in developing nations face much larger regulatory constraints than those in developed nations; as reported in Doing Business in 2005 [World Bank, (2004), p.3], ââ¬Å"(a) they face 3 times the administrative costs, and nearly twice as many bureaucratic procedures and delays associated with them. And they have fewer than half the protections of property rights of rich countries. (b) Heavy regulation and weak property rights exclude the poor from doing business. In poor countiers 40% of the economy is informal. Women, young and low-skilled workers are hurt the most.â⬠The lowering of over regulatory constraints is actively pursued because it brings benefits to firms (they spend less money and time on dealing with regulations) and to governments (they spend fewer resources regulating and more providing social services). Moreover, fewer regulations attract foreign firms with all benefits and, of course, costs associated with them. Hence, globalisation enables firms to benefit from the removal of unnecessary regulations and the establishing of trade-encouraging, incentive-loaded laws. At the same time though due to ââ¬Ëglobal complexity, the emergence of new innovative technology-driven markets as well as inability of regulatory authorities to enforce the existing legal enactments (reformed or not), some firms, as described below under illicit trade, may avoid compliance with domestic or international laws. Illicit trade: The fact that, globally, unlawful trade in products and services involving intellectual property, money laundering, third shift production and alien smuggling has been on the rise, implies that authorities in various countries experience hard time in dealing with the problem. As Naim (2003) writes, intellectual property illegalities, a modern kind of piracy, involves business software, shampoos, motorbikes, medical drugs, industrial valves, supply of illegally copied copyrighted music, and among other, theft of brand names. In Naims words: ââ¬Å"Governments have attempted to protect intellectual property rights through various means, most notably the World Trade Organizations Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). Several other organizations such as the World Intellectual Property Organization, the World Customs Union, and Interpol are also involved. Yet the large and growing volume of this trade, or a simple stroll in the streets of Manhattan or Madrid, show that governments are far from winning this fight.â⬠Additionally, deregulations of financial markets have given rise to rogue global banking, tax havens, and money laundering. All these factors make possible cross-border money transfers, while simultaneously, improvements in electronic technologies make distance less of a barrier and turn money into e-money defined by Naim as ââ¬Å"cards with microchips that can store large amounts of money and thus can be easily transported outside regular channels or simply exchanged among individuals.â⬠Naim states that ââ¬Å"estimates of the volume of global money laundering range between 2 and 5 percent of the worlds annual gross national product, or between $800 billion and $2 trillion. â⬠¦ The sophistication of technology, the complex web of financial institutions that crisscross the globe, and the ease with which ââ¬Å"dirtyâ⬠funds can be electronically morphed into legitimate assets make the regulation of international flows of money a daunting taskâ⬠magnified by the introduction of e-money.â⬠Moreover, according to the United Nations, alien smuggling is the fastest growing business of organised crime. According to Naim, this kind of modern enslavement has become a $7 billion a year enterprise and it involves mostly women and children; and contrary to the efforts made by governments to curtail the problem, especially in the UK, Southern Europe and in the USA, the problem is becoming more difficult and complicated over time. Again, Naim puts it graphically: ââ¬Å"A woman can be ââ¬Å"boughtâ⬠in Timisoara, Romania, for between $50 and $200 and ââ¬Å"resoldâ⬠in Western Europe for 10 times that price. The United Nations Childrens Fund estimates that cross-border smugglers in Central and Western Africa enslave 200,000 children a year. Traffickers initially tempt victims with job offers or, in the case of children, with offers of adoption in wealthier countries, and then keep the victims in subservience through physical violence, debt bondage, passport confiscation, and threats of arrest, deportation, or violence against their families back home.â⬠And of course, intellectual property, humans, and financial capital are not the only products and/or services traded illegally for big profits by global networks. There are also markets in human organs, endangered species, stolen fine art, and deadly industrial waste. The unlawful worldwide trades in all these merchandise and services share numerous essential characteristics such as high-tech innovations, societal and political transformations and open fresh markets. Fast spreading globalisation causes the regulatory environment to become more complex which serves as a cover for opportunistic profit through illicit trade, networks and markets. At the same time, governments are becoming increasingly ineffective in dealing with the problem. Although the global community attempts to regulate global business activity through entities such as the World Trade Organization (WTO), the International Monetary Fund (IMF) the World Bank (WB), alliances such as the G-7, or the G-20, and treaties such as the Kyoto Protocol, the global business environment, by and large, is becoming gradually freer. 1.2 Global concentration As legal constraints become wobblier, the power of global firms, in terms of concentration, increases. Widespread merger and acquisition (MA) activities between already big industrial and financial firms started during the 1990s. The new gigantic corporations, by and large, control a large global market share in their respective industries. The build up in global concentration has sweeping implications for the 21st century. As reported by Mohamed (2004) ââ¬Å"total global mergers activity grew from over $150 billion in 1992 to over $2000 billion in 1998, when eight of the worlds ten largest mergers took place. By 1999 it was over $330 billion.â⬠The enhanced mass and influence of these new giants has been central to the intuition that globalisation advances at a blazing speed. In general, most of these global activities, such as MA, foreign direct investment and international trade, are between developed nations. Mohamed reports that ââ¬Å"this concentration of economic power and activity is clearly illustrated by the fact that over 95% of the companies on the Fortune 500 (ranked by value of sales) and FT (Financial Times) 500 (ranked by market capitalization) lists are developed-country companies. In addition, only a handful of developing-country companies feature on the list of the top 300 companies ranked by expenditure on research and development (RD). When one considers that developed countries have less than 20% of the worlds population then the magnitude of the disparities in the global economy cannot be more evident.â⬠Escalated global economic concentration was caused by a number of actions. There was a shift towards focusing on core activities that led to unbundling of formerly diversified conglomerates. There were vast investments in knowledge capital, primarily in hardware, software and information technology (IT) services. Much of the RD outlays of multinational corporations has been on IT, which has helped develop coordination of all aspects of their dealings internationally. There has been globalisation of mass media (e.g., CNN and BBC), which has led to the creation of global franchises (e.g., McDonalds and Wal-Mart), global brands (e.g., Nike) and global marketing infrastructure. The global reach, multiplication and liberalisation of financial markets as well as rapid growth of international capital flows since the 1970s contributed to the growth of multinational corporations. Much of the funds for the new giants came from institutional investors, who prefer big companies that sell popular brands, control large market shares, invest significantly on RD and focus on their nucleus activities. Additionally, as reported by Mohamed, ââ¬Å"the process of global concentration that started in the 1990s happens not only in leading companies but also upstream in their suppliers and downstream in companies distributing their products. The leading companies have pressured their suppliers and distributors to work more closely with them and to become global leaders in their own areas by also growing through MAs. This process has further concentrated the global economy.â⬠1.3 Excess capacity The massiveness of the global market (the market size effect) along with adaptive, flexible and responsive marketing (the marketing effect) enables global firms to sell more. Additionally, they sell at reduced prices because of lower production costs due to outsourcing and insourcing as well as due to new inexpensive technologies such as the internet and the cell phone (the cost effect). Obviously, market and marketing effects induce firms to reduce their excess capacity but cost effects enable firms to add excess capacity. Whether or not the reduction in excess capacity is in absolute value greater than the increase in excess capacity is an empirical question. Undoubtedly, global manufacturing is on the rise enabling firms to become more adaptable, more flexible in production and distribution as well as more responsive to the needs of customers; and since the global economy is on the rebound after the depths it reached in 2008/2009, see Table 2, it is perhaps reasonable to believe that rising global demand will contribute to a reduction in excess capacity which, in absolute value, would exceed the increase in excess capacity leading to more profit and, hopefully, to improved global economic well-being. Finally, as stated by Helpman (2006), in this global economy we have experienced rapid expansion of trade in services and trade in intermediate inputs. With respect to exports [Helpman, (2006), p.590], ââ¬Å"only a small fraction of firms export, they are larger and more productive than firms that serve only the domestic market, and more firms export to larger markets. A small fraction of firms engage in FDI, and these firms are larger and more productive than exporting firms.â⬠And although according to Helpman (2006, p.591), the theory of comparative advantage, as an explanation of intersectoral international trade, and the theory of imperfect competition, as an explanation of intra-industry trade, are still valid, globalisation brings ââ¬Å"to trade theory a new focus: the organizational choices of individual firms. By focusing on the characteristics of individual firms, the theory can address new questions: Which firms serve foreign markets? And how do they serve them, i.e., which choose to export and which choose to serve foreign markets via FDI? Under what circumstances do they outsource in a foreign country rather than at home? And if they choose integration, under what circumstances do they choose to integrate in a foreign country, via FDI, rather than to integrate at home?â⬠Table 2 Real projected gross domestic product (GDP) and growth rates of GDP for regions (in billions of 2005 dollars) 2000-2015 GDP Year 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2015 W 39190.56 44828.46 46641.28 48405.39 49297.02 47992.14 49005.27 58114.16 D 29313.46 32197.09 33091.60 33890.60 34017.97 32749.26 33146.61 37232.39 D less US 18220.25 19763.70 20300.67 20825.75 20895.84 19955.19 20032.69 22162.27 DE 8416.01 10729.04 11507.29 12319.63 12977.47 13056.42 13653.30 18126.72 FCP 1461.09 1902.34 2042.39 2195.16 2301.59 2186.46 2205.35 2755.04 EM 5890.55 7647.06 8198.94 8812.17 9278.61 9278.48 9704.73 12953.24 Annual growth rates Year 2001 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2015 W 1.71 3.38 4.04 3.78 1.84 -2.65 2.11 3.45 D 1.27 2.31 2.78 2.41 0.38 -3.73 1.21 2.32 D less US 1.59 1.84 2.72 2.59 0.34 -4.50 0.39 2.07 DE 2.78 6.30 7.25 7.06 5.34 0.61 4.57 5.68 FCP 4.50 5.72 7.36 7.48 4.85 -5.00 0.86 4.57 EM 3.55 6.09 7.22 7.48 5.29 0.00 4.59 5.78 Notes: W = World; D = Developed nations; D less US = Developed nations less US; DE = Developing nations; FCP = Former centrally planned nations EM = Emerging market nations. Source: Data found in World Bank World Development Indicators, International Financial Statistics of the IMF, Global Insight, and Oxford Economic Forecasting, as well as estimated and projected values developed by the Economic Research Service all converted to a 2005 base year. Available at http://www.ers.usda.gov/Data/Macroeconomics/Data/ProjectedRealGDPValues.xls. 1.4 Insourcing and urbanisation in developing economies Insourcing (incoming foreign direct investment) and outsourcing (outgoing foreign direct investment) have been contributing to net benefits of formal firms in both developed and developing nations and in turn to the well being of all. Drezner (2004, p.22), in response to rhetoric against outsourcing in the USA, states that ââ¬Å"outsourcing of American jobs to other countries has become a problem of epic proportion. Fortunately, this alarmism is misguided. Outsourcing actually brings far more benefits than costs, both now and in the long run. If its critics succeed in provoking a new wave of American protectionism, the consequences will be disastrous for the U.S. economy and for the American workers they claim to defend.â⬠In developing nations though, insourcing has been transforming local economies in new directions that cause global anxiety. Demographics in China, India and many more economies indicate that populations, in search of jobs and a better life, have been migrating towards urban, industrialised, centres, abandoning their agrarian lands, creating megacities and giving rise to urbanisation-type problems. (See self-explanatory projected population data for China and India in Tables 3 and 4). Table 3 Urban, rural population trends in China Population (000s) 1985 2005 2025 Total 1,070,175 1,321,569 1,480,430 Urban [Proportion (%)] 241,766 [22.6] 507,725 [38.4] 773,155 [52.2] Rural [Proportion (%)] 828,409 [77.4] 813,845 [61.6] 707,275 [47.5] Source: Available at http://ww2.unhabitat.org/habrdd/conditions/eastasia/china.htm. Table 4 Megacity population trends in India Population (000s) 1991 2011 Total 844,272 1,292,506 Delhi 8,723 24,867 Mumbai 12,572 21,780 Calcutta 10,916 16,509 Source: Available at http://www.ifpindia.org/ecrire/upload/press_ifp_website/ indiapolis_articlerelu.pdf. Megacity build-up and abandonment of agrarian lands have been occurring throughout the developing world1. In all these countries, historical data seems to support two stages of development: In Stage I, prior to insourcing, most of the population lives in the agrarian sector on subsistence agriculture and/or on meagre wages from selling their labour. Overpopulation forces people to exist under perpetually poor conditions causing the supply of labour to be perfectly elastic since there is around abundant low-skilled perfectly substitutable agrarian labour. In general, in this stage of development, the agrarian sector may be described by 2, where A = agrarian, e = equilibrium, WA = wage rate, LA = labour, DA = demand of labour, and LA = supply of labour2. Point V corresponds to the amount of available labour in the sector, point T to the amount of labour employed by the informal economy at equilibrium (point e) and (V-T) to the surplus of labour in the agrarian sector. Insourcing gives rise to Stage II. Incoming foreign direct investment takes root in urban centres (in most cases near the coast, e.g., China) and offers higher wages to attract labour from agrarian regions. In this stage, the industrial sector may be described by 3, where I = industrial. It is assumed that at We supply of labour in the industrial sector is equal to zero (workers would have no incentive to migrate if they cannot receive higher wages). Equilibrium initially occurs at eI, where DI is equal to SI, and labourers get paid WeI > We. At this market wage rate, the industrial sector absorbs portion TU of the total surplus labour available in the countryside. In turn, because there is still unused surplus labour in the agrarian sector (portion UV), more insourcing triggers higher demand for labour in the industrial sector (DIà ¢) and migration of the remaining surplus labour; additional migration to urban areas causes the labour supply to become more elastic (the supply functi on flattens and rotates out to SIà ¢). At the new and final equilibrium of eIà ¢, WeIà ¢ The above analysis implies many benefits: employment and income improve; know-how spreads through technology transfer; saving, investment, and tax revenue increase greatly contributing to growth; in addition to the above, people may prefer the city because it is more likely to endeavour entrepreneurial opportunities, find formal education for their children, have access to healthcare, enjoy entertainment, live cosmopolitan lives, and take advantage of proximity to major transposition hubs (for travelling to other countries and inside their own). However, the analysis implies costs as well, especially as they relate to urbanisation, such as: pollution (air, water and land); crime (especially in inner city areas); traffic jams; crowded housing; loss of arable land; food shortages (since people abandon their agrarian fields in the country and/or because they turn agrarian fields near the city into suburbs); creation and stagnation of an informal economy; lack of socialising due to isolation from, and alienation of, neighbours; deterioration in education (due to capacity limitations) as well as healthcare, transportation and governmental services (especially in utilities, fire and police protection); and finally, dependency on food importation, foreign direct investment and foreign capital markets. 1.4.1 Development views: ââ¬Ëromantic, ââ¬Ëparasite and ââ¬Ëdual economy In addition to the above, urbanisation in developing nations spawns informal business firms, which, in general, do not pay taxes or abide by laws and regulations. According to some economists, such firms do not contribute to the overall growth of the economy. Development economists agree though that registered, law abiding, efficiently run entities known as formal business firms have to be encouraged to exist through incentives and governmental policy for they are the only capable of boosting economic growth and development. According to the United Nations (2008, p.1), ââ¬Å"four billion people around the world are robbed of the chance to better their lives and climb out of poverty, because they are excluded from the rule of law.â⬠Informal business firms account for up to about half of economic activity in developing nations but researchers disagree about their role. As explained by La Porta and Shleifer (2008, pp.275-276), ââ¬Å"there are three broad views of this role, (referred) to as the romantic view, the parasite view, and the dual economy ââ¬Ëdual for short view (otherwise known as the) ââ¬ËWal-Mart theory of development.â⬠In the ââ¬Ëromantic view, associated with de Soto (2000), informal firms, which are similar to formal (for example, they attract equally talented employees), are held back by barriers to official recognition: lack of secure property titles, deeds, securities and contracts that describe the economically significant aspects of assets. The lowering of such barriers would improve the ability of firms to borrow against registered and secured property-based collateral; additionally, it would enable them to more easily acquire, and/or merge with, other firms. In contrast, the ââ¬Ëparasite view holds that informal firms, led by less-able, mostly uneducated, entrepreneurs, choose to stay small; as such, they lack the needed scale to operate efficiently and, conveniently, they enjoy cost advantages since they do not pay taxes, offer fringe benefits to employees, follow safety requirements in the workplace or abide by other regulations and the rule of law. These firms impair the economys growth: they reduce overall productivity and they take away market share from more productive formal firms because of their cost advantage over them. Hence, governmental initiatives to uproot these ââ¬Ëparasites (such as enhancing audit capabilities to reduce tax evasion and enforce regulations) would contribute to efficiency, employment, growth and development. Finally, according to the ââ¬Ëdual view, informal and formal firms may coexist as long as government tax and regulatory policies support the development of formal firms without encouraging or discouraging informal firms. Unlike the romantic view, this view holds that formal firms are different than informal: formal firms attract more skilful employees, their owners are better entrepreneurs, they are officially recognised, they can raise capital and they abide by regulations. Unlike the parasite view, the dual view maintains that informal firms are not a threat to formal firms because, for the same products, they charge higher prices (due to inefficient production and thus high costs) and because they mostly operate in different markets selling to different clients. La Porta and Shleifer (2008, p.278) report that empirical evidence supports the ââ¬ËWal-Mart theory of economic development and they stress that ââ¬Å"the dual view sees the (informal) firms as providers of a livelihood to millions, perhaps billions, of extremely poor people, and it cautions against any policies that would raise the costs of these firms. This view sees the hope of economic development in policies, such as human capital, tax, and regulatory policies, that promote the creation of (formal) firms, letting the (informal) ones die as the economy develops.â⬠2 The increasing relevance of auctions Firms may participate in auctions as buyers (bidders) or sellers (auctioneers). As buyers, they want to maximise buyer surplus (the difference between what they would be willing to bid at and the bid they actually pay). As sellers, they want to maximise profit (the difference between the bid they would be willing to sell at and the cost of the auctions object). Although any entity may rely on auctions for selling and buying, a few ââ¬Ëliaison firms have become very famous over their valuable and pioneering business concepts. Such firms are Christies, Sothebys, and eBay.com. Retail, franchise or land acquisition, government procurement, and various services, among many more, rely on auction-type selling and buying. For example, retail stores (such as Filenes Basement in Boston) report a price on an items tag but the actual price paid by the client is lower the more time the item is up for sale on the floor; in turn, unsold items are donated to charitable organisations. Similarly, sellers in fresh produce markets lower prices towards the end of the day prior to disposing off the items. Governments purchase military assets and/or services of engineers for public infrastructure by relying on bids submitted by the sellers of those services and franchise owners bid for the privilege to own a franchise licence. Home developers, often, buy land in multiple lots through auctions and, of course, eBay has turned every single person on the planet into a potential auctioneer and/or a bidder. Auction results depend on many factors such as type of auctions or design, information of bidders valuations (which may be identical or different) and their attitudes towards risk, whether or not bidders bid on many or on a bundle of units and, of course, on whether or not bidders and auctioneers act ethically. For more details and a guide to literature see Klemperer (1999). 2.1 Bidders (or buyers) Table 5 describes five well-known auction types. Bidders in an English auction would have the incentive to bid higher than other bidders but lower than their true valuation. An advantage to English auctions is that, during the auction, bidders may swiftly revise bids upwards (up to but not higher than whatever they are willing to pay) based on information about the valuations of other bidders in the auction. Bidders in Dutch and First-Price Sealed-Bid auctions would have the incentive to bid strategically so that they never lose to someone with a lower valuation of the item under auction. A strategy for the bidder in these auctions would be to shade down the bid to the unknown second highest bid. As explained by Pepall et al. (2005, pp.640-641), each bidder may estimate the second highest bid as follows: assuming that each bidder in the auction believes that her valuation is the highest, if bidders draw from a uniform distribution [0, Ãâ¦] with all N bidders equally spaced on this interval (where Ã⦠= highest bid), then the average of the highest value in samples of size N drawn from [0, Ãâ¦], or the second highest bid, would be [(N 1) / N]Ãâ¦. (For example, if there are N = 5 bidders and a bidders highest valuation is $100, then the second highest valuation is [(5 1) / 5] $100 = $80; hence, the optimal bid for this bidder would be $80). But, if the bidder is wrong on her beli ef that she is the highest bidder she may lose the auction. Thus, bid shading implies a possible benefit an Tony Padillahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/18108597118313242549noreply@blogger.com0