State and local GOVT Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

State and local GOVT - Assignment Example Public merit personnel system has become important in terms or ensuring that federal employment is given to the qualified individuals. However, it has been stated, â€Å"the greatest professional challenges for public merit personnel are at the local level. The merit principle entails the selection and appointment of the best person for any given job (Bowman & West, 2006). This is the first instance where the challenge comes because public appointments have leaned towards professionalism, even at the local level. Professionals link professionalism to possession of knowledge and are attached to group identity. When applying issues of merit for a job at a local level more issues other than professionalism such as gender and race balance issues are considered to get the best individual for the job and this is a challenge. In looking at pay for performance systems, which is a type of public merit personnel system, both Perry et.al (2009) and Bowman (2010) found out that public merit personnel systems at the local level have many challenges that are caused by issues that include lack of adequate funding, inability to distinguish levels of performance, lack of employee confidence in merit systems, employee-manager distrust and bureaucratic resistance to merit systems among others (Bowman, 2009: Perry, Engbers & Jun, 2009). These issues show that the above statement is true. Discuss the implications for state and local governments of the Intergovernmental Personnel Act of 1997 (Revised). http://www.opm.gov/policy-data-oversight/hiring-authorities/intergovernment-personnel-act/#url=Provisions. What issues were addressed and why do you think they were included in the Act. The Revised Intergovernmental Personnel Act (IPA) mobility program regulations came into effect from May 29, 1997 allowing federal agencies to operate efficiently and productively. The regulations have

Insurgency and Counterinsurgency in Cinema Essay Example for Free

Insurgency and Counterinsurgency in Cinema Essay Both the films Braveheart and V for Vendetta explore the issues of insurgent and counterinsurgent behavior but do so in slightly differing terms. As an important note, we have to take into consideration that the time periods in which both films are set cannot be even more different. Braveheart, the struggle of the legendary Scottish figure William Wallace, is set amidst the trials and tribulations of Middle Age England. On the other hand, V for Vendetta takes place in a not-too-distant version of modern day England. From this understanding comes the realization that while both films attempt to characterize the power struggle between those who have it and those who do not, there is a curious discrepancy in the way that the characters within those films view their plights. Mel Gibson, who directs Braveheart, chose to present insurgency as the morally apt option against the tyrannical rule of England against the Scots. It is heavily implied in the film that because the English has continuously abused its authority as against their constituents, that it is but proper for the beleaguered Scots to rise up and protect themselves from further maltreatment. The most striking characterization of this abuse happens early on when the lord of the land uses his authoritarian privilege of primae noctis, allowing him to take the virginity of a newly-wed. It is of course the wife of William Wallace in the film that fall victim to this exercise. Braveheart thus sets forth the idea that the collective abuse wrought on by an alien authority or figure upon a group of people is enough justification for a moral uprising, which in this case an armed one. William Wallace’s merry band of Scottish insurgents is clearly the â€Å"good† ones whereas King Edward I of England is the very facade of evil as his method of counterinsurgency is singularly fueled by his belief that his authority is supreme. V for Vendetta takes quite the different approach. Foremost, the insurgency presented in V is primarily lonesome, with the titular character going on a one-man crusade against a tyrannical party authority in 2027 England when it seems the rest of the world has succumbed to the â€Å"flaws† of democracy. In this film, the subjugation of freedom by the central authority is not necessarily carried out for the purposes of vanity or glory. Unlike in Braveheart’s Edward I, V for Vendetta’s Chancellor Sutler, while still very clearly presented as morally corrupt, actually believes that his party’s style of governance is for the greater good. Meanwhile, the film’s protagonist, or antihero as the case may be, V, appears to be as morally corrupt as the figure he is struggling against, resorting to the use of kidnapping and outright murder. This is a far cry for Mel Gibson’s interpretation of William Wallace, who is portrayed almost like a sword-saint. Clearly, both films attempt to portray their central characters as victims of circumstance, with Wallace as the distraught husband and V a survivor of governmental subjugation and that both are somehow motivated by sentiments of revenge. In a simple conclusion however, it is very interesting to propose the notion that Braveheart’s version of insurgency is more akin to a moral rebellion while V for Vendetta’s version edges closer to terrorism with a cause. Bonus Question: Of Cinematic Appeal I found V for Vendetta as more cinematically appealing than Braveheart. While Braveheart is an epic adventure that has a very satisfying â€Å"good vs. evil† template powering its message, V for Vendetta’s morally ambiguous structure is far more interesting. Just as the Alan Moore graphic novel original, the film adaptation of V for Vendetta is not only a visual masterpiece, but it is a prime subject for further discussion. In a way, I find that while V for Vendetta is very clearly easy on the eyes, it is not so easy on the brains. This is a complimentary observation for me because viewers, depending on their pre-conceived notions or biases, can take on differing sides of the moral dilemmas presented. As I watched V for Vendetta, I asked myself several times, â€Å"Isn’t V just a terrorist? † Then I realized that for V, maybe that wasn’t the case at all. Mid-Term Questions: 1. Compare and contrast the following concepts: a) Insurgency and Counterinsurgency: Insurgency constitutes an armed uprising by a group with no apparent vested authority against a duly-recognized power. Meanwhile, counterinsurgency is the means by which the besieged authority attempts to quell the insurgency normally by way of combat. In casual terms, insurgency is the act of rebel forces while counterinsurgency is the act of government. b) Insurgency and Terrorism: While insurgency covers the broad notion of an armed struggle following a somehow systemic way of combat against an opposing force, terrorism is likewise the use of lethal force with no apparent target. In a way, terrorism is a way to inflict terror, possibly to incite fear and paranoia amongst a populace, leading to concessions by the governing authority. c) Insurgency and Guerilla Warfare Guerilla warfare is a style of combat characterized by small groups using non-conventional means of warfare such as ambushes, hit-and-run tactics, but rarely acts of terrorism. Most insurgent groups prefer guerilla-style warfare early on in their struggles as they lack logistical support and manpower. 2. Briefly outline the four-stage model created by Dr. Polk in the book entitled, Violent Politics, to study the insurgency movements around the world. William Folk basically argues that any foreign occupation provides for the necessary ingredients for insurgency in the occupied land. This insurgency tends to favor the use of terrorist acts as a means to convey its struggle which in turn merits the response of the occupying power. As the cycle of terrorism-counterterrorism continues and builds up, a point is reached wherein the initial insurgency evolves into full-blown rebellion. 3. Briefly discuss Foucaults concept of power; and its impact on how people view what is normal and what is deviant. (15 points) Foucault’s concept of power is the exercise of intention. He claims that as power is everywhere, that intention is likewise everywhere. The ubiquity of intention influences the perceptions of the everyman, does giving birth to socially-agreed definitions or norms regarding deviance and normalcy.

Rhetorical Reading Essay -- essays research papers

Rhetorical Reading Essay(Revision)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since they started pouring the concrete for the dam Lake Powell has been a center of controversy. From nature preservationists to ancient ruins advocates the subject has been heated and intense. On the other hand, those who support Lake Powell are just as avid and active in their defense of the reservoir. One of the former, Edward Abbey, sets forth his plea, hoping it does not fall upon deaf ears.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Abbey attempts in his article to help the reader visualize Glen Canyon before it was dammed up. He uses a lot of pathos to help the reader â€Å"feel† the beauty of the previous Glen Canyon and the ugliness of the present. His article seems to be written not to the supporters of Lake Powell, but to those who side with Abbey, perhaps in an attempt to strengthen their resolve to do something about their beliefs. Abbey advocates the draining and naturalizing of the reservoir, allowing it to regress back to its natural state. Although the author is very talented at using connotations and figurative language, he focuses too much on pathos and a 20th century view of nature and lacks sufficient logos and ethos. This essay while very passionate is poorly done. The author, Edward Abbey, admits that he is a â€Å"butterfly chaser, googly eyed bleeding heart and wild conservative†(Abbey, 144). His constant appeals to nostalgia and tree hugging are repetitive and long-winded. However, as mentioned above, he is an expert in figurative language and connotation. Right from the beginning Abbey uses a great metaphor comparing Glen Canyon to the living heart of the canyon lands, and throws in another about the Colorado River being golden. He tries to form a beautiful picture of what Glen Canyon used to be like by sharing an experience that he and a buddy had almost 50 years ago. Although picturesque and ideal, we all understand that change is a natural part of both mankind and nature and that all things have an end. Later in the article Abbey uses more great connotations and points out that the reservoir has had negative effects on the environment in that area. â€Å"†¦Debris brought down into them by desert storms, no longer carried away by the river, must unavoidably build up in the area where flood meets reservoir†(147). And later, â€Å"Anyone who has tried to pilot a motorboat through a raft... ...birds, 800 different mammals and more that a dozen reptile species (Lake Powell). And anyone who has been there will ask, if there is a slight lack of insects, which I am not sure there is, how is that a bad thing? This hardly seems the sterile, lifeless scene that Abbey paints for us and is simply one of the many examples of omission he uses.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I feel that although Abbey means well in trying to preserve the natural form and environment of Glen Canyons, he is unable to see that many, many more people are out enjoying the beauties of Lake Powell than ever graced the shores of the Colorado River in that area. This is what people want. Abbey poorly surmises that the majority of people agree with his viewpoints, â€Å"I am not alone, for I belong to that ever-growing number of Americans, probably a good majority now, who have become aware that a fully industrialized, thoroughly urbanized, elegantly computerized social system is not suitable for human habitation†(Abbey, 144). If that were so Lake Powell would have been drained and dry decades ago. The truth is that with few exceptions, people like Lake Powell just the way it is.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Health & Hygiene Essay

Contents 1 Introduction 2.1 Food safety and hazards 2.2 Food contamination and its impact to human body 2.3 Foodborn illness and prevention measures 2.4 Employees responsibilities in food service and potential guidelines 3 Conclusion 4 References 5 Appendices 5.1 HACCP Principles 5.2 Gilling-Taylor model of HCCP barriers 5.3 The measurement model 1 Introduction As written in(Sprenger, 2009, p7) Hygiene is the science of preserving health. Food hygiene involves more than keeping it clean, it contains all the essential procedures to guarantee safety and freshness of food throughout preparation, processing, manufacturing, packaging, storage, distribution, handling and offering for sale or supply to the consumer. 2.1 Food safety and hazards Food establishments are supposed to structure a food safety management system, this could be because of either internal or external aims. Nowadays, the food business is also liable for presenting in a clear way exactly how the food safety has been planned and secured. This has been accomplished through the progress of Hazard Analysis of Critical Control Points (HACCP) plan as part of the food establishments’ safety assurance systems. HACCP is a controlled and organized method for convincing food safety. According to(Fotopoulos, Kafetzopoulos and Psomas, 2009, p.895) The main aim of the HACCP system are the identification, assessment and the control of food-borne safety hazards. To close it, HACCP is an instrument for the increased improvement, with a purpose to make a safety promise and a well thought-out manner for food safety. 2.2 Food contamination and its impact to human body Food contamination is involved with the issue and area; food poisoning. According to(Sprenger, 2009, p.87) Management must ensure that there is appropriate supervision to prevent contamination of food. There are four kinds of contamination/hazards: The first one is â€Å"microbiological hazards† that is caused by for example bacteria or parasites. This type of contamination is classified as the most serious and is able to impact the body with food poisoning or even death. The second one is â€Å"physical hazards†. This is a contamination that is generally spiteful and painful and can contain parts of paper, metal or plastic. The third contamination is â€Å"chemical hazards† which usually consist of mercury in fish or condenses from cleaning substances. The fourth is â€Å"allergenic hazards† and it impacts the body with items such as milk, cereals, peanuts and eggs. As written in(Sprenger, 2009, p64) the Food Service Sanitation Manual of the Food and Drug Administration states that: â€Å"At all times, including storage, preparation, display, service and distribution, food shall be protected from potential contamination, including dust, insects, rodents, dirty equipment, unnecessary handling, coughs and sneezes, flooding, drainage and overhead leakage or condensation†. 2.3 Foodborn illness and prevention measures Written by(Eunice Taylor, 2008, p480) â€Å"Despite great advances in modern technology, producing safe food and keeping it safe remains a worldwide public health problem with illness caused by the consumption of contaminated food described as the most widespread health problem in the contemporary world (BenEmbarek, 2002)†. The classification of foodborn illness is every infections caused by the consuming of the food contamination, viruses and pathogenic bacteria. Reasons for foodborn illness are time temperature mishandling, low personal hygiene and contamination. All the just mentioned reasons can be extremely hazardous so it ´s crucial for all operations to prevent it and as mentioned in(Sprenger, 2009, p52) prevention is done through methods such as: – Ensuring the safety of all water supplies, it ´s crucial to chlorinate water that is used for preparation or drinking. – Ensuring a satisfactory disposal of sewage. – Ensuring the heat treatment of milk and milk products. – Double-wash ready-to-eat fruit and vegetables. 2.4 Employees responsibilities in food service and potential guidelines To achieve the key elements in executing the HACCP system successfully and ensuring a safe working environment in terms of hygiene, the operation needs a structured and required program that employees has to follow. As written by(Fotopoulos, Kafetzopoulos and Psomas, 2009, p.897) For all types of food businesses, management awareness and commitment is necessary for the implementation of an effective HACCP system. The method will also depend on the management and employees possessing the proper skills and knowledge. Further written by(Fotopoulos, Kafetzopoulos and Psomas, 2009, p.897) A weak analysis of the potential hazards because of inadequate skills and knowledge leads to ineffective food safety management. This is why training is deliberated as an important and necessary element of the effective food safety management. So to give examples of potential guidelines, the employee should be properly updated and informed of how the whole operation works, such as out-of-date food, spillage, refrigerator controlling, monitoring temperatures, storage of food etc. 3 Conclusion To summarize the above mentioned facts, we can state that hygiene is a crucial regulation that we have to follow in order to operate the company successfully, based on the facts that it is an effective method to avoid the different forms of hazards that appears in the food industry. 4 References Fotopoulos, C.V. Kafetzopoulos, D.P. and Psomas, E.L. (2009) â€Å"Assessing the critical factors and their impact on the effective implementation of a food safety management system†, International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, Vol. 26 No. 9, pp.894 – 910. Poulston, J. (2008) â€Å"Hospitality workplace problems and poor training: a close relationship†, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Vol. 20 No. 4, pp.412 – 427. Sprenger, R.A. (2009) Hygiene for Management, 15th ed. Doncaster: Highfield Taylor, E. (2008) â€Å"HACCP for the hospitality industry: History in the making†, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Vol. 20 No. 5, pp. 480 – 493. 5 Appendices 5.1 HACCP Principles Source; Taylor, E. â€Å"HACCP for the hospitality industry: History in the making† (2008, p. 481) 5.2 Gilling-Taylor model of HCCP barriers Source: Taylor, E â€Å"HACCP for the hospitality industry: history in the making† (2008, p. 486) 5.3 The measurement model Source: Fotopoulos, Kafetzopoulos and Psomas â€Å"Assessing food safety† (2009, p. 902)

Islamic Extremists Essay

Nearly everyone has heard about Islam and the Arab world. In addition, many countries have already faced issues with the Muslim believers. Islam has caused problems, terrorist attacks, anti-democracy all over the world. They were also very successful in sending a message of who they truly are. People who are literally obedient to the Islamic faith are called Islamic Extremists. People, who are of the Islamic faith however desire to survive in peace without tribulations are not considered obedient or dutiful to the Islamic faith, these people are called moderate Muslims. Therefore, the Islamic religious extremists are the major group in Islam who follow the Qur’an word for word and create extreme violence that moderate Muslims do not. Islamic extremism started in Egypt in the late 1920s. During the inter-war years, the country was occupied by the British military. The Nationalist Wafd movement, led by Saad Zaghloul, opposed the presence of the British, as would anyone whose cou ntry is being occupied by a foreign military power. (A brief history of Islamic extremism) In 1928, Hassan al-Banna established the term â€Å"The Muslim Brotherhood† which was the first Islamist movement. The British government supported the nascent movement in an attempt to counterbalance the Nationalists. In modern Egyptian politics, the Muslim Brotherhood is the largest opposition party to Hosni Mubarak’s National Democratic Party. Mubarak has been in power since the assassination of Anwar Sadat in 1981. The Muslim Brotherhood has always been illegal, and, over the years, thousands of its members have been imprisoned by the Egyptian government. (A brief history of Islamic extremism) The ideology of the early Brotherhood is very similar to that of Islamist groups today – they denounced the Egyptian government as secular and regarded Egyptian society in terms of â€Å"jahaliya† or a barbaric, pre-Islamic society not based on Islamic shari’a law. Sayyed Qutb, an Egyptian intellectual associated with the Muslim Brotherhood, wrote a book c alled Ma’alim fil Tariq (â€Å"Signposts on the Road†), which proved to be highly influential on the thinking of modern Islamists. Qutb wrote the book in 1964 while in prison; 2 years later he was executed by hanging. (A brief history of Islamic extremism) In the late 1970s, the CIA financed and trained the mujahideen (â€Å"Holy Warriors†) in order to fight a proxy war with the Soviet army, which had invaded Afghanistan in 1979. Training, funding and the provision of arms to the mujahideen was carried out covertly via Pakistan and Saudi Arabia; one of the so-called â€Å"Afghan Arabs† who was trained by the U.S. was a young man called Osama bin Laden. (A brief history of Islamic extremism) In the recent years, Bangladesh was suspected of becoming a haven and breeding ground for Islamic terrorist groups with links to Al-Qaida. Domestic Islamic extremist groups are said to funnel Al-Qaida money, arms, and fighters through the country. In March 1999, IOJ chairman Amini told a public meeting: â€Å"We are for Osama [bin Ladin], we are for the Taliban, and we will be in government in 2000 through an Islamic revolution.† (Zuckerbrot-Finkelstein, B.) Bangladeshi support for Osama bin Ladin and Al-Qaida rose following the September 11 attacks and the subsequent American assault on the Taliban in Afghanistan. The U.S. conveyed its displeasure with Dhaka’s failure to quell anti-American, pro-Osama bin Ladin rallies in the wake of the American attack on Afghanistan. In November 2001, IOJ’s Amini said: â€Å"Osama bin Ladin is loved by the Bangladeshi people. Everyone respects him and considers him to be a leader of Muslims.† (Zuckerbrot-Finkelstein, B.) The political characteristics of Islam are derived from the Qur’an, the Sunna (the sayings and living habits of Muhammad), Muslim history, and sometimes elements of political movements outside Islam. Out of the Muslim Brotherhood, recently derived a group called The Muslim Salafeyeen. The Salafeyeen act ridiculously much worse than the Muslim Brotherhood. They have the same mentality as the Muslim Brotherhood; however, they go even beyond the expectations of the Quran’s teachings. For example the Muslim Brotherhood has the word politics in their dictionary, which means they can have political relationships with the westerners but that is to use their help for their own good, such as Saudi Arabia. They also base and enforce the law of the Qur’an on the people. On the flipside, the Salafeyeen do not have the word politics in their dictionary and the way they communicate is through severe violence even on their own people. For example their rule goes as follows: thieves must have their hands cut off, a curser’s tongue must be cut off, an adulterous must be killed with the edge of the sword, and so on with all the sinners. Their judgments are pretty extreme. They currently have a small group in Egypt. There is no research found about them yet, however information has been spread through word of mouth and people’s experiences in the recent days in Egypt. The Salafeyeen have been around and they are very few still. It is not long until the cancer is spread everywhere. Numerous terrorist tribes have eventually been spread all over the world. The Muslim Brotherhood has created a private group in each country who follow their plan. Therefore, every so often, the nation receives news about occurring devastations they have caused. Since the Muslim Brotherhood considers violence is the only method to spread or impose their religion on many countries, they had specifically chosen the United States of America to perform their violence attacks. The United States is currently considered the most powerful country in the world. If they had specifically chosen the United States, their goal is then revealed. The Muslim Brotherhood’s ambition is to attain the power of the United States and rule it. If they conquer this power, they most likely conquered the world. It is not difficult for anyone to figure this exposition. The terrorist attack that occurred in September eleventh of two thousand and one was mainly the first attack the caught the world’ s awareness. Prior to that, the nation was familiar about Islam and the Muslim Brotherhood; however they did not have enough knowledge in regards of whom they truly are. Throughout the years, the Muslim Brotherhood has determined that terrorism would be the only method used to communicate with the world. They have successfully sent out messages about their goals, which are to limit the world in education, political views, democratic views, etc. For example, the Islamic beliefs strain a woman of her basic rights. A woman is not allowed to go to school for education. According to the Shahih Bukhari 1.6.301, Volume 1, Book 6, Number 301: Narrated Abu Said Al-Khudri: Once Allah’s Apostle went out to the Musalla (to offer the prayer) o ‘Id-al-Adha or Al-Fitr prayer. Then he passed by the women and said, â€Å"O women! Give alms, as I have seen that the majority of the dwellers of Hell-fire were you (women).† They asked, â€Å"Why is it so, O Allah’s Apostle?† He repli ed, â€Å"I have not seen anyone more deficient in intelligence and religion than you. A cautious sensible man could be led astray by some of you.† The women asked, â€Å"O Allah’s Apostle! What is deficient in our intelligence and religion?† He said, â€Å"Is not the evidence of two women equal to the witness of one man?† They replied in the affirmative. He said, â€Å"This is the deficiency in her intelligence. Isn’t it true that a woman can neither pray nor fast during her menses?† The women replied in the affirmative. He said, â€Å"This is the deficiency in her religion.† Their mentality is very limited in arguments as well. Their beliefs are against freedom of speech, religion, expression, even the Internet because it allows arguments, knowledge, and education and mostly everything that has to do with the human rights. All of their arguments must go back to the Shari’a (law) of Islam, which prevents all these rights. The Shari’a of Islam calls for men to beat their wives. According to 004.034 YUSUFALI: Men are the protectors and maintainers of women, because Allah has given the one more (strength) than the other, and because they support them from their means. Therefore the righteous women are devoutly obedient, and guard in (the husband’s) absence what Allah would have them guard. As to those women on whose part ye fear disloyalty and ill-conduct, admonish them (first), (Next), refuse to share their beds, (And last) beat them; but if they return to obedience, seek not against them Means (of annoyance). This type of mentality creates a violence animalistic society. People develop these violent skills through the enforcement of such laws which leads to terrorism. Imagine there is lack of education, freedom of arguments, speech, expression, religion, anti-democracy etc. how will anyone be able to learn, be fair, balanced in thoughts, unprejudiced or even survive in peace? It is certainly impractical. Therefore, to overcome the mentality of terrorism, the nation must understand what Islam and the Qur’an truly teaches Islamists. Some of the Qur’an’s teachings are mostly about the infidels (unbelievers) and how all of them will end up in Hell. According to the teachings of the Qur’an verses freely and blithely mentions: Do not take unbeli evers as friends; caution is necessary to befriend the unbelievers†¦3:28. It is not honourable to take unbelievers as friends†¦4:139. Do not take unbelievers as friends†¦4:144. Believers are not to take the Jews and Christians as friends and protectors; if any believer (i.e. Muslim) turns to them then he also becomes a Jew or a Christian†¦5:51. Real friends are God, His apostle (Muhammad) and the fellowship of pious and charitable believers†¦5:55. God’s wrath and torments is for befriending the unbelievers†¦5:80. Whoever seeks the friendship of evil people will be lead to the penalty of fire†¦22:3. Cannot be on terms of secret intimacy or be friendly with the enemies of faith †¦60:1. This is the very own words of Qur’an that Islamists follow. Some Islamists who live in the west will even criticize their folks for buying a tiny Christmas tree just for the little children or even for attending Christmas parties. They will even go a step further in declaring that the westerners must learn from them (the Muslim migrants) and not the other way around. At this time, since the Q ur’an never called for peace, it is understandable why those Islamists act the way they do. The supreme rage of the Islamists is reserved for the way the western women dress, work and lives. Many Muslim women are deviously forced to wear hijab just to demonstrate to the infidel women the superior chastity of Muslim women. Ten years ago, it was rare to find a hijabi woman in any streets of Europe or the U.S. The situation is quite different now. Any rail-station, shopping center, eating stall, college, university, etc., will regularly notice a hijabi woman standing nearby. Many Islamists openly declare that all Muslim women must cover themselves in (ugly) hijab and cloak no matter what others may think of them. This is because these Muslim women will become the shining examples or beacon of femininity, chastity, and Islamic beauty to the infidel women and they (the infidel women) will eventually follow the Muslim women and happily wear the Muslim garb. These Islamists are absolutely certain that these infidel women will one day, surely be covered by Islamic hijab. Why? Because, Allah has ordained it-one day the entire world will become an Ummah (Islamic community) of some sort. They have no doubt on this. At this point, it is understandable why Islamic extremists commit their terrorism attacks. Their goal is to spread and enforce Islam in the whole world. Research has proved through the very own words of Qur’an and Hadith, action has proved it through terrorism attacks of the infidels (unbelievers), and their day-to-day routine dressing up in the Muslim garb. Many will argue it is not a problem if their religion inquires their women to dress and look that way. They are partially right, only if their purpose is to dress that way and nothing more. However based on research, even modern Islamists are called Islamists because they believe in Islamic Shari’a and law. They have an idea of what Islam is about and if they still call themselves Muslims, they are considered under the same category of religion. They have partially the same thoughts; they may not be interested in murdering, however they will never take a westerner as a friend, unless the westerner becomes a Muslim. This type of thinking is not in any way beneficial for a modern society. In a modern society, it encourages one to look, act, and think in a certain way. This way is not to enforce negative thoughts, beliefs on anyone. It is to encourage education, positive thoughts, and the acting of professionalism with one another. The best method in reaching a solution for the world is to understand that Islam is now spread in many places. Islam has become a whole mentality that people follow not fairly a religion. Islam currently starts in early stages of humans’ lives. A child is raised up receiving hate and all types of negative thoughts, which later develops in his/her core. Therefore, terrorism is never ending; in fact it improves by the days. At this time, there is no way around to end terrorism, but there are ways to make it less occurring in the world. Educating people, and youth on how terrorism started, and how the world perceives it as a negative act will help them understand the concept of terrorism. Also through education, people will have the need to protect their country and defend it. No one is willing to live in a country that is controlled by terrorists. Neither will anyone be willing to limit their thoughts, expression, education, freedom of worship, or personal decisions. In conclusion, Islamic extremists have attempted to impose their religious beliefs on the world. This happens through their violent attacks almost in every western country. The only method to stop this violence is to allow people to understand the true meaning of Islam. This is to educate people about Islam and Muslim extremists in the early stages of life. It is also essential to help the nation learn how the modern Muslims differ from those extremists. Through education, a solution can come into view on how we can end these bloody violent tribes. Even if it takes time, months and years, it can still take a major affect on the long run. References Bas, N. J. (2004). Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad. Oxford: Oxford University Press, USA. BukhaÌ„riÌ„, M. i. (1981). Shahih Bukhari. Jakarta: Penerbit Widjaya. Darwish, N. (2006). Now they call me infidel: why I renounced jihad for America, Israel, and the War on Terror. New York, N.Y.: Sentinel. Jonas, G. (2007). Reflections on Islam: ideas, opinions, arguments. Toronto: Key Porter Books. Katel, P. (2010). Homegrown jihadists: can Muslim terrorists in the U.S. mount serious attacks?. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly. The Big Think Tank: A brief history of Islamic extremism. (2006, April 25). The Big Think Tank. Retrieved April 6, 2011, from http://thebigthinktank.blogspot.com/2006/04/brief-history-of-islamic-extremism.html Quran Shariff. (1978). S.l.: [s.n.]. Yuan, M. (2005). Women in Islam. Detroit: Greenhaven Press/Thomson-Gale. YouTube – 2 year old Muslim Girl answers Questions on Islam. (n.d.). YouTube – Broadcast Yourself. Retrieved April 20, 2011, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Tfh2PnvTnY&feature=related Zuckerbrot-Finkelstein, B. (2007, January 10). Islamic Extremism and Terrorism in Bangladesh-American Jewish Committee. Home-American Jewish Committee. Retrieved April 7, 2011, from http://www.ajc.org/site/apps/nlnet/content3.aspx?c=ijITI2PHKoG&b=3133321&ct=

Dairy Milk Swot Essays

Dairy Milk Swot Essays Dairy Milk Swot Essay Dairy Milk Swot Essay allfreeessays. com/topics/cadbury-dairy-milk-competitors-analysis/0 managementparadise. com/forums/marketing-management-rm-im/137529-cadburys-advertising-strategy. html scribd. com/doc/46801673/Cadbury-Dairy-Milk-Report Cadbury India  SWOT  analysis : Strength Cadbury Schweppes plc is a very profitable organization, generated revenue of more than ? 6,508 billion (2005). It is a global chocolate brand built upon a reputation for fine products and services. Cadbury Schweppes plc was one of the Fortune Top 100 Companies to Work For in 2005. The company is a respected employer that values its workforce. The organization has strong ethical values and an ethical mission statement Weaknesses Cadbury has a reputation for new product development and creativity. However, they remain vulnerable to the possibility that their innovation may falter over time. The organization has a strong presence in the United States of America, UK and India. It is often argued that they need to look for a portfolio of countries, in order to spread business risk. Cadburys recall over 1 million chocolate bars over salmonella fears The organization is dependant on a main competitive advantage, the retail of coffee. This could make them slow to diversify into other sectors should the need arise. The company has no apprehensions of cannibalization of its chocolate brands. Opportunities Cadbury company is very good at taking advantage of opportunities. The company has the opportunity to expand its global operations. New markets with new products which are limited in particular region. Cadbury has decided to focus on a few of its key brands such as Cadbury Dairy Milk, Bournvita, Eclairs and Halls to drive growth for the company. Co-branding with other manufacturers of food and drink, and brand franchising to manufacturers of other goods and services both have potential. Cadbury India is attempting to increase the declining market for cho colate with innovation, one of which is its sweet snack, Bytes. Brand ambassador Amitabh Bachchan for advertising there new products. Threats Who knows if the market for Cadbury will grow and stay in favour with customers, or whether another type of beverage or leisure activity will replace coffee in the future? Health organization have so many barriers for new development Cadbury’s are exposed to rises in the cost of chocolate and dairy products. Entry into salted snacks was ruled out so it is important to do new innovation and marketing research.

Geography and History of the Great Wall of China

Geography and History of the Great Wall of China The Great Wall of China is not a continuous wall but is a collection of short walls that often follow the crest of hills on the southern edge of the Mongolian plain. The Great Wall of China, known as long Wall of 10,000 Li in China, extends about 8,850 kilometers (5,500 miles). Building the Great Wall of China A first set of walls, designed to keep Mongol nomads out of China, were built of earth and stones in wood frames during the Qin Dynasty (221 to 206 BCE). Some additions and modifications were made to these simple walls over the next millennium but the major construction of the modern walls began in the Ming Dynasty (1388 to 1644 CE). The Ming fortifications were established in new areas from the Qin walls. They were up to 25 feet (7.6 meters) high, 15 to 30 feet (4.6 to 9.1 meters) wide at the base, and from 9 to 12 feet (2.7 to 3.7 meters) wide at the top (wide enough for marching troops or wagons). At regular intervals, guard stations and watch towers were established. Since the Great Wall was discontinuous, Mongol invaders had no trouble breaching the wall by going around it, so the wall proved unsuccessful and was eventually abandoned. Additionally, a policy of mollification during the subsequent Ching Dynasty that sought to pacify the Mongol leaders through religious conversion also helped to limit the need for the Great Wall. Through Western contact with China from the 17th through 20th centuries, the legend of the Great Wall of China grew along with tourism to the wall. Restoration and rebuilding took place in the 20th century and in 1987 the Great Wall of China was made a World Heritage Site. Today, a portion of the Great Wall of China, about 50 miles (80 km) from Beijing, receives thousands of tourists each day. Can You See It From Outer Space or the Moon? For some reason, some urban legends tend to get started and never disappear. Many are familiar with the claim that the Great Wall of China is the only man-made object visible from space or from the moon with the naked eye. This is simply not true. The myth of being able to see the Great Wall from space originated in Richard Halliburtons 1938 (long before humans saw the Earth from space) book Second Book of Marvels said that the Great Wall of China is the only man-made object visible from the moon. From a low orbit of the Earth, many artificial objects are visible, such as highways, ships in the sea, railroads, cities, fields of crops, and even some individual buildings. While at a low orbit, the Great Wall of China can certainly be seen from space, it is not unique in that regard. However, when leaving the Earths orbit and acquiring an altitude of more than a few thousand miles, no man-made objects are visible at all. NASA says, The Great Wall can barely be seen from the Shuttle, so it would not be possible to see it from the Moon with the naked eye. Thus, it would be tough to spot the Great Wall of China or any other object from the moon. Furthermore, from the moon, even the continents are barely visible. Regarding the origination of the story, Straight Dopes pundit Cecil Adams says, Nobody knows exactly where the story got started, although some think it was speculation by some bigshot during an after-dinner speech in the early days of the space program. NASA astronaut Alan Bean is quoted in Tom Burnams book More Misinformation... The only thing you can see from the moon is a beautiful sphere, mostly white (clouds), some blue (ocean), patches of yellow (deserts), and every once in a while some green vegetation. No man-made object is visible on this scale. In fact, when first leaving earths orbit and only a few thousand miles away, no man-made object is visible at that point either.

How to Win a Student Election, by a Former Class President

How to Win a Student Election, by a Former Class President SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Hoping to be your class president? Winning the position takes a lot of work, but you can absolutely make it happen. Why should you trust me?I was my Junior Class President and Student Government President my senior year, so I know what it takes to get there. In this article, I've outlined every step you need to take to become class president: starting with just getting on student council freshman year, all the way through running ina big election as a senior. Why Do You Want to Be Class President? Before I talk about how to get elected, I want youto think about why you want to become class president. Do you want to improve school dances? Do you want to have a wider variety of school lunch options? Create a class field trip? Start a fundraiser? All of these reasons are legitimate. You need to figure out what your own goal is. If you're having trouble, sit down and brainstorm. Think about all the events your student government plans. Which did you attend? Were there issues at these events? What could have been done better? Is it something you could change? This brainstorming should lead you to some ideas of why you want to become president of your class or school. Why do you need a reason to want to be class president? It'll keep you motivated during your campaign, and it'll help you explain to your classmates why they should vote for you. I'll delve into this in-depth later on in this article. First, I'll go over the two major steps you need to follow in order to run a successful campaign. Step 1: Start Early If you want to be president of your class or high school some day, you need to start working towards that goal early. Plan to join student council your freshman year, but don’t expect to be elected president.Freshman student council elections are usually a mess.Freshman elections typically happen within a month of starting school, so no one knows each other. The person elected president is usually the person whose name other students have heard the most.It’s not usually based on competence or trust. My recommendation for freshman student council elections: Run for one of the â€Å"smaller† offices such as secretary or treasurer.There is usually less competition for these positions, so you’ll have a better shot of being elected.During freshman year, your aim should just be to get on the council. Once you're on it, you’ll be able to prove your effectiveness as a leader and can start the climb towards president.I was elected Freshman Treasurer, and then Sophomore Vice President, and then Junior Class President. Butby starting early, I don’t just mean joining the council early... Step 2: Maintain Relationships You need to work from the start to build relationships with your classmates so that they know and trust you. This is the most important step to becoming Class President. Students want to elect someone they like and know is competent.Be a leader in the classroom.Participate in class discussionsandget good grades, it’s how you’ll prove your competence.Don’t be the class clown or the student who’s always on their cell phone or asleep. Interact with the students around you.Sit with different groups at lunch.Talk to them about their concerns and what changes they’d like to see happen at the school. If you’re not currently on student council, ask if you can attend their meetings.Some student councils allow students who’re interested in joining to sit in on their meetings, and some host an occasional meeting (monthly, bi-monthly, annual, etc.) for students who’re not on the council to voice their concerns and ideas. Also, if you’re not currently on student council, ask members of student council if they need help with their events.It’s a great way to test out student council to see if it’s right for you, and it's also a great way to show you’re fit to be on student council/leading student council. With my advice, you won't be quite so lonely! How to Run a Winning Election The two steps I mentioned above will start you on the path to becoming president of your class, but to run a winning election you’ll need to do more. #1: Get Your Name Out There To win an election, you need to marketyourself.Start by creating aslogan, even if it’s as simple as â€Å"Lauren for Junior Class President.†You want to use one slogan for your campaign that will be used on all of your marketing materials so that your name becomes recognizable. If you don't come up with one slogan and instead use multiple slogans or designs, peoplemay get confused. You want one good slogan that you'll use across all of your material to ensure a clear, focused campaign that'll create name recognition. Think about all of the US presidential campaigns; the posters always have one design from which they never stray. #2: Put Up Posters With YourSlogan The posters can be super simple; even just a print out of the slogan on normal computer paper will work.However, you should have a lotof them.The exact number will vary proportionally to the number of students in your class (or school, if you’re running for the overall Student Government President).What I mean by that is if your class has 100 students, 10 posters may be enough, but if you have 1000 students in your class, you may want to put up 50 or more posters.Count on some posters being ripped down or disappearing.Most schools have rules against this, but it’s hard to catch someone ripping down a poster.Plan on making extras. Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. #3: Create Something to Hand Out This can be a sticker, button, pencil, etc.You can make these super cheaply by buying labels, printing your slogan onto the labels, and handing them out as â€Å"stickers† or putting these labels onto pencils.Again, as I said for posters, the number of handouts you should make will vary based on the number of students in your class or school.If you can afford it, I’d recommend making at least one sticker/handout per student in your class.The campaigns usually last multiple days, so try to make sure you have enough handouts to give a second sticker or pencil to other students who may misplace the first. NOTE: You may not be able to use all of my suggestions above. Different schools have different campaign rules. For example, some schools don’t allow you to hand anything out. Check with a teacher or school administrator to make sure you know what the rules are. What’s the Point of Marketing Yourself? You won’t win an election if people don’t know who you are and whyyou’re running.As I said before, students want to elect peoplethey like and know are competent.Even if you’re a leader in the classroomandgetting good grades, if you’re in a class of 1000, you may not know half of your classmates.You want the other half of students who don’t know you personally to know your name and to talk about you with their friends. Posters help create name visibility.People will start to recognize your name and will hopefully start to talk to their friends about you. Handouts (i.e. stickers or pencils) also help create name visibility and offer you an opportunity to meet more students you don’t know.At lunch time, travel around your cafeteria, walk up to people you don’t know and ask if they’d like a sticker or pencil.It’s a GREAT excuse to talk to people and will give you an opportunity to convince them to vote for you. Make sure you tell them why you want to be president. As I mentioned earlier, whatever reason you decided to run (whether it was to improve school dances or improve the lunch menu) tell it to them!Ask them what they’d like to see happen at the school next year. Show them you’ll be a good listener as well as a good leader! #4: Ace Your Campaign Speech Some schools have candidates give speeches or debate.My school did not.If your school allows you to give a speech, definitely do so! Here are my recommended points to hit in your speech/debate. Introduce yourself (It may seem obvious, but it will helpstudentswho may not know you). â€Å"Hi, I’m Lauren Jones, and I’m running for Junior Class President.† Say why you want to be president and why you’re qualified. Your qualifications will bea combination of personal characteristics and past experiences and successes. â€Å"I'm responsible and agood listener. I served as Sophomore Class VP and fundraised more than $1,000 for the Red Cross.† State your platform (what you plan to do differently). â€Å"I plan to move our school dance to the Marriott Ballroom instead of our gym.† Say how you plan to accomplish your goals. â€Å"I will raise the money to move our dance to the Marriott Ballroom by hosting a school-wide bake sale.† End with your campaign slogan. â€Å"Remember, Lauren for Junior Class President.† These should be the main points you hit, but I’d recommend injecting some humor into it to make it more interesting.However, your speech should notbe too long (I’d recommend 2-3 minutes maximum).Make it concise and to the point or you’ll lose your audience. If you market yourself well along with starting early, building a solid reputation, and maintaining relationships, you'll have yourself a winning campaign! What’s Next? If you’re interested in becoming class president in part to put it on your college application, you should learn about what makes an amazing extracurricular activity for your college applications. Also, you should learnhow many extracurricular activities you need for college. Interested in learning about other great extracurricular opportunities? Learn more about job shadowing, community service, and volunteer abroad programs. Aiming to get into Harvard and the Ivy League? Read ourHow to Get Into Harvard guidefor everything you need to know to get accepted. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Evidence-Based Practice Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Evidence-Based Practice - Coursework Example Polit and Beck (2006) argue that, not all research is of the high standard or the same quality and thus, nurses should not just take evidence-based practice at its face value although published. In my review and critique, I will first appraise the limitations and strengths of a given piece of literature to determine its applicability and credibility to the nursing profession (Valente, 2003). A cross-examination of the limitations of the work of literature of the evidence-based practice should thus, not be viewed as a disparagement of the ability of a researcher, but as strength aimed at validating that work of research. Secondly, I will review the research questions of the evidence-based practice. Valente (2003) argues that, research questions can be sub-divided into credibility variables and integrity variables and thus, used as a critiquing tool for analyzing an evidence-based practice. Therefore, as a nurse, I will review the research questions of the research to determine the credibility and applicability of the practice in the nursing profession e.g. through either the integrity variables, which analyze and evaluate the process of the evidence-based practice or credibi lity variables, which focus on the background qualifications of the researcher. It is also important to examine at the literature review of a given evidence based practice to determine whether the practice draws evidence from the literature of recent origin. A viable and reliable evidence-based practice should draw literature evidence from current researches especially from primary sources that are of an empirical nature. A practice can be rendered obsolete, incredible, and inapplicable in the nursing profession if it lacks sufficient backing evidence. In addition, I will cross-examine the theoretical framework of the practice to determine whether an appropriate and adequate conceptual framework

Philosophies of punishment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Philosophies of punishment - Essay Example Rehabilitation aims to bring the good if not the best in a person encouraging psychologists to study intensively the psychological effects of being good to a person. Incapacitation is simply getting a person out from things, persons or places that would enable him to commit criminal acts while retribution is punishing because one deserves the punishment. Having discussed these, it is the aim of this paper to make its readers have a general grasp of what these rationales could do and their limitations. Having thus understood such, it should be the reader’s responsibility to act accordingly be it in the professional or personal application of this paper. Punishment, though obviously important has taken the attention of many debates on its implementations especially when it came to matters as the life sentence or more importantly, death sentence. Debates have been widely discussed and different angles have been considered on this issue but what complicates it is the fact that the re are varied opinions on punishment and there are a lot of people involved and could be affected in the implementation or non-implementation of punishments. This very nature of the complication led researchers to look for acceptable forms of punishment which in a way would justify the intensity of punishment compensating the crime committed, thus the definition of rationale for the punishments. The general agreements on the justification of punishment are deterrence, rehabilitation, incapacitation and retribution, looking forward to reducing crime rate with the exception of the latter (Jawkes & Letherby, 2002, p. 3

Modern Japan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Modern Japan - Essay Example According to Prindle (1989) "[t]he stories expose the internal mechanisms of business transactions and the mentality of the people involved, making technical information accessible to a lay audience and convincing even to economists." (qtd in The Japanese Business Novel). Arai Shinya is the executive vice president of Summit Inc., and director of Sumitomo Corporation who is popular under the pen name of Satoshi Azuchi writing Japanese business novel, one of which is the popular Tales of a Shoshoman. Shinya related that the Tales of Shoshoman "begins with a story of a Japanese businessman who commits suicide because he failed to be promoted when his peers in his company were promoted" (qtd in The Japanese Business Novel). The novel illustrates the traditional aspects of the Japanese society and preserved these traditions by means of these types of novels. The novel reveals the values of Japanese "salary man" (The Japanese Business Novel) with high regard to his work and dedicated to his organization, with preserved value of loyalty and devotion which allows the world to have knowledge of the Japanese nature in which ways the traditional Japanese culture in business is upheld. In another novel authored by Norma Field, "In the Realm of a Dying Emperor" tells of three separate tales woven together with intentions for a greater purpose. The novel successfully pointed the struggles of Japan of its past as it faces the twentieth century in the end of war. The novel attempted to reveal a glimpse of hope to recover from injuries brought about by the imperialist rule. Each tale in the novel depicts of a true Japanese value in each character which is struggling from atrocities and Western pressure. The character of the supermarket owner burning the flag of the Rising Sun illustrated the value of braving to fight for dignity over the struggles of an Okinawan to escape the memories of the bitter past. In the review of Steve Edwards he acknowledged the research done by Field which was a strong point rather than a personal conviction which revealed that "Many Okinawans continue to feel objectionable towards the emperor system for the incidents there during World War Tw o The Rising Sun flag is a prime example of the rape and pillaging of countries across Asia during World War Two. These citizens also feel the flag represents a part of their history they would like to leave behind and obstructs them from completely Surname 3 whitewashing the entire issue away." (Edwards, Steve). In another tale tells the story of an ordinary woman protesting the emperor rule because of "deification" of her husband who died and enshrined "as a way to pass on the ritual of dying for the emperor" (Edwards, Steve). In this story the constitutional practices under the hybrid system is criticized. The defiant character of the ordinary woman is a typical character of the Japanese when principles are laid shaken. The final tale in the novel tells the story of the "mayor" who strongly defied against the emperor rule whose character suggested that the emperor was responsible for the atrocities during the war. In line with such grand accusations, the

A critical analysis of how to gain competitive advantage and managing Essay

A critical analysis of how to gain competitive advantage and managing in hospitality industry through management of cultural diversity - Essay Example With this the hospitality sector cam to be organised as one of the most industries of the time. The industry got expert management with a number of well trained professionals. The hospitality industry brings together numerous people with different backgrounds with versatile cultures under one common roof and binds them with a number of professional codes and ethics. According to Spencer-Oatey (2012) culture is a concept developed over centuries. The concept of culture originates when Cicero first used this word to mean cultivation of souls. Later in the 17th century culture again appeared in modern Europe which referred to the refinement of individuals through education. During the 18th and 19th century that culture was more often used to refer to the national aspirations or ideals. It was in the 20th century that culture emerged as a central concept in anthropology which deals with the entire range of human ways of life and living which cannot be directly attributed to something inherited by the genes. According to the use of the term in American anthropology, culture firstly implies the evolved tendency of human beings to classify and express their experiences in the form of symbols, to behave imaginatively or creatively. Secondly, culture is also referred to the distinct ways in which people live with a set of belief and express their experi ences by shaping their lives along the lines of the derived experiences. According to the observations of Browne (2008) especially after globalisation different culture of the global community came to face each other, came to know about the existence of each other. With the establishment of multinational companies and their expanding operation in different countries, personnel are posted at international locations. Individuals with a distinct cultural identity and cultural practice work in a country with a different set or sets of culture. It is

Population control in India Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Population control in India - Essay Example In a bid to control the Indian population crisis, the government should implement some of the notable approaches including the use of contraceptive, sterilization and population policies. This paper looks at some scholarly proposals and suggests ways of controlling India’s population crisis. According to the 2004 Gupta’s article review on population, the Project Small Family (PSF) is one of the population control demonstration projects that can assist in the control of human population in India. The implementation of the scheme is taking place in the tribal belts of central India. Under the program, the family planning methods is shifted to the women participants by encouraging model family customs voluntarily. The program promotes small family set ups through providing regulated financial aid to the poor women who in exchange follow a reproductive system stipulated by the program (Gupta, 2004). The program provides a platform where the control of population targets the poor, who are characteristically associated with uncontrolled births. The program may achieve what other traditional birth control methods have not achieved by pegging the financial aid to an agreement to birth control. The desire and enthusiasm of getting financial leverage in the current state o f economic turmoil may be a valid motivator to trigger effective birth control among the tribal population in India. The Indian government may follow suit to help the NGOs initiating such plans because it is a win-win situation in the fight against poverty and population control. Results from the demonstration of PSF in India are promising since it makes the poorest uneducated women of the society observe birth control measures based on the financial incentives they get. However, the method may fail in the event that such financial aids reduce. In her article, Sarah Hodges proposes that population control may take the concept of wise reproductive practices in the modern India. The method

A critical analysis of how to gain competitive advantage and managing Essay

A critical analysis of how to gain competitive advantage and managing in hospitality industry through management of cultural diversity - Essay Example With this the hospitality sector cam to be organised as one of the most industries of the time. The industry got expert management with a number of well trained professionals. The hospitality industry brings together numerous people with different backgrounds with versatile cultures under one common roof and binds them with a number of professional codes and ethics. According to Spencer-Oatey (2012) culture is a concept developed over centuries. The concept of culture originates when Cicero first used this word to mean cultivation of souls. Later in the 17th century culture again appeared in modern Europe which referred to the refinement of individuals through education. During the 18th and 19th century that culture was more often used to refer to the national aspirations or ideals. It was in the 20th century that culture emerged as a central concept in anthropology which deals with the entire range of human ways of life and living which cannot be directly attributed to something inherited by the genes. According to the use of the term in American anthropology, culture firstly implies the evolved tendency of human beings to classify and express their experiences in the form of symbols, to behave imaginatively or creatively. Secondly, culture is also referred to the distinct ways in which people live with a set of belief and express their experi ences by shaping their lives along the lines of the derived experiences. According to the observations of Browne (2008) especially after globalisation different culture of the global community came to face each other, came to know about the existence of each other. With the establishment of multinational companies and their expanding operation in different countries, personnel are posted at international locations. Individuals with a distinct cultural identity and cultural practice work in a country with a different set or sets of culture. It is

Lab report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Lab Report Example This provided input or output voltages of -10V to +10V. 2. Connect the BNC cable, shown in Figure 2 below, to Thermistor/Pressure EX J17 on the signal condition ‘pizza box’ on the side of computer cart to the pressure transducer interface box BNC connector labeled â€Å"Excitation†. 3. Capture the signal generated by the pressure transducer. Connect the Thermistor /Pressure output signal to J8 that has an SCC-FTO1 module that acquired the analog voltage and pass it into data acquisition System. 2. The instrument had a linearity of 0 .1 0 0 6, hysteresis 0.0 0 8 0 and combination of 0. 1 0 0 6 as shown in the above table 2. Maximum amplitude found on the CRO was 0.9and minimum at 0. 1 at time 0.0 0 and 1. 0 m respectively as shown in figure 6 below. Some of the data obtained deviated due to change in the environment temperature affecting the pressure of the area. This was rectified by performing the experiment under controlled environment of controlled pressure and

Cietac Ethical Rules for Arbitrators Essay Example for Free

Cietac Ethical Rules for Arbitrators Essay 1. Each arbitrator shall independently and impartially hear cases on the basis of the facts, in accordance with the law, with reference to international practice and in compliance with the principles of fairness and reasonableness. 2. An arbitrator does not represent either party and shall remain independent of the parties and treat them equally. 3. No arbitrator on the Panel of Arbitrators may be appointed to a case once he/she has discussed the case with either party or given any advisory opinion about the case. 4. Unless otherwise agreed between the parties and the Tribunal during conciliation within arbitration, an arbitrator shall not meet either party independently to discuss the case or accept any materials relevant to the case. In any case, an arbitrator shall not accept any gift from either party. 5. An arbitrator shall disclose to International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission (hereinafter ‘CIETAC’) his/her relationship with the parties if he considers that there is any conflict of interest or other relationship which may affect his/her impartiality, e.g. lineal consanguinity, obligations, proprietary and financial relationships, service and business relationships, and request voluntary withdrawal. 6. The arbitrators shall hear cases strictly in accordance with the procedure provided by the CIETAC Arbitration Rules, and shall give the parties full opportunity to state their case. 7. The arbitrators shall guarantee sufficient time for hearings and deliberations after the appointment, and the hearing should remain his/her top priority under all circumstances. Arbitrators shall inform the Secretariat immediately if any extraordinary circumstances arise. 8. The arbitrators shall carefully and conscientiously go through the entire documents and materials of the case and find out the main issues. 9. The arbitrators shall discuss the case and work out a plan before hearing the case, and the presiding arbitrator shall put forward a proposal as the basis for the discussion. The sole arbitrator shall work out a plan before the hearing where the arbitral tribunal is composed of one arbitrator. 10. The arbitrators shall stay impartial during the hearing, be wary of the way they ask questions and express opinions, avoid a premature decision on the key issues, and stay away from any argument or confrontation with the parties. 11. Immediately after the hearing, the presiding arbitrator shall preside over the deliberations and give his opinions for the next step in the procedure or the drafting of the final arbitration award. 12. The arbitrators, in particular the presiding arbitrator, shall control the whole process of the hearing, and keep it within the time limits provided by the CIETAC Arbitration Rules. 13. The arbitrators shall maintain strict confidentiality in the case, and shall not disclose to any outsiders any substantive or procedural matters of the case, including the facts, hearing procedure, content of the deliberations, etc. Neither shall he/she disclose his/her opinions or the details of the deliberation to either party. 14. An arbitrator is entitled and encouraged to participate in activities organized by CIETAC, concerning study or experience exchange between arbitrators. 15. An arbitrator who acts on behalf of CIETAC to take part in any meeting or activities related to arbitration or publish articles or give lectures shall obtain permission from CIETAC in advance.

Analysis of the Basketball Free Throw

Analysis of the Basketball Free Throw Analysis of the Basketball Free Throw Abstract The purpose of this paper is to analyze free throw shooting in basketball and to demonstrate the relationship between structural and functional anatomy and movement performance. This paper will discuss the muscles and actions that are important for the movement and how these muscles relate specifically to the movement outcome, limiting/facilitating joints and associated structures. Also discussed is the combination of muscle and joint motions important for movement success. We also briefly discuss the sources of movement failure. The final section of this paper will discuss how this movement is critical for success in sport and what happens with aging, disease, or injury that can compromise function and ability to perform the movement. Introduction The free throw shot is one the most important shots in basketball. In fact, around 20% of all points scored in the NCAA Division 1 are from free throws shots (Kozar, Vaughn, Lord, Whitfield, Dve 243-248). The importance of this shot increases later in the game, because free throws tend to comprise greater percentage of the points that are scored in the last 5 minutes than the initial 35 minutes by either the wining or the losing team (Kozar et al., 123-129). The free throw shot is considered as the easiest shot for a professional basketball player, as the player stands alone, 15 feet away from the hoop with no defense or distraction. The player needs to get ready target, prime the ball and shoot (Okubo Hubbard, 2006). A successful free throw shot requires deep concentration, and most importantly good mechanics to take a perfect shot. While a free throw shot does not seem like an action that needs a lot of movement, muscle groups and joints in a body work together in isotonic contractions, utilizing multiple muscle groups in creating the movement. A free throw shot engages elbow, hip and ankle extensors in addition to wrist and shoulder flexors. In the case of the knees, the joints are hinged and the movement starts with a flexion, preparing for the free throw. Quadriceps and hamstrings become the antagonist and the agonist. This movement happens as you utilize knee flexion so that the muscles work in pairs. Hamstring contraction pulls the joints which makes the individuals bend their knees. The next movement after the flexion is the knee extension. When the shooter releases the ball, the quadriceps is the agonist and the hamstring is the antagonist. The upper body sequence would be: extension of trunk, shoulder flexion that will follow extension of elbow and wrist flexion. A common error during the shot is perfor ming shoulder flexion and elbow extension at once, so that the elbow extension contributes less in taking the shot and is combined with the shoulder flexion rather than adding to the hand velocity. As the ball is brought up with use of both hands, it passes directly in the front of shooter’s eyes and the shot is aimed with the eyes underneath the basketball (Alexander 9). When the trunk moves from its flexed position to an extension, the upward movement of trunk would push down on the lumbar vertebrae, pushing down on the sacroiliac joints, which in turn will push down on the body’s hip joints. Knee joints respond to downward force transmitted by the hips by producing a greater knee flexion. Players who, for various reasons, do not have the needed trunk flexion in this stage of the free throw shot would decrease their ability to load their legs for the shot and consequently might end up losing full contribution of leg extension from the deeply flexed position to free throw. It has been suggested that trunk extension can help in triggering more forceful moment of knee extension. Additionally, a deeper trunk extension produces added hyperextension at the neck area helping the shooter to retain the focus on the rim (Oddsson 109-118). Following the release of the ball, the final phase of a shot, the follow through, occurs. During this time, all joints continue moving through the end of its full motion range following the release of the ball. In a skilled follow through, both legs fully extend and the toes points towards the floor. The trunk is aligned vertically with shooting hip, ankle and the knee. Additionally it aligns with the shooting arm’s joints, bringing the upper and lower extremities into harmony (Alexander, 16). The angle of the shooting shoulder should be somewhere between 140-150degrees of the shoulder flexion. Generally, the closer the shooting arm is to vertical, the greater the amount of vertical force that is applied to the shot. The trunk is often rotated away from shooting hand. This helps in lining up the shooting shoulder and the arm with the rim. This trunk rotation would happen at the moment the ball is released from the shooter’s hand (Alexander, 18). In cases when the ball gets released too late or too early, the ball’s velocity would not optimize as the elbow and wrist joints speed up or slow down rather than staying in the peak velocity. The wrist flexion provides the ultimate thrust for releasing the ball and helps in determining both the angle of projection and velocity of the ball (Martin 127-133).A common failure in free throw technique occurs when joint range of motion does not reach its end point and stops movement early, before the release of the shot, resulting in a decreased velocity of the basketball at the release. As far as joint movement pattern is concerned, there is not a huge difference between the success rate of the shot and the angle of the joint from where the ball is being shot. But, some dissimilarity can be found that could possibly determine the success of scoring a basket. One such dissimilarity is the joint’s peak angular velocity involved in the free throw. The knee, hip and the ankle joints have a higher peak angular velocity in comparison between successful and unsuccessful free throws. Distinctively, the angular velocity of the upper body joints during successful attempts have a lower peak angular velocity than that of missed shots. Additionally, proximal joints that are found closer to the hub and trunk of the body are utilized earlier than the distal joints more commonly associated with the free throw. In sum, movement and energy start from the core and work their way outward towards the distal extremities. Full range of elbow movement relates to greater success in free throw shots. However, it should be noted that this is also accompanied by a slight flexion in individual’s shooting elbow which occurs around mid-range and not at the full extension. By allowing the shooter’s wrist to remaining between full flexion and full extension during the release, maximum velocity can be achieved when the basketball is released (Alexander 10). Unsuccessful shots are often associated with periods of longer muscle activation. Measurement conducted with use electromyography suggests that muscle tension needs to be minimal at the release for successful free throw shooting. Shots that require the least amount of energy expended during the release are the easiest for controlling and have the highest probability for success (Huston Grau 49-64). In addition, height of release is also found to be crucial in success of the shot, as successful shots are related to height ratio that is calculate d by comparison of the shooter’s standing height to the shooter’s release height. The rule is: ‘The higher the release height, the better the shot’ (Hudson 242-251). There are some errors that turn out to be common in Free throw shooting for most individuals. One such reason is poor alignment that happens when shooters fail in lining up the shooting side knee, hip, shoulder and elbow with a line through the ball towards the basket. Another common reason is lack of backspin that happens when players apply side spin during the release or avoid any spin at the time of release. Having low arc on the shot makes players, who have insufficient shoulder trunk or elbow extension, flexion at the time of release making the ball release too flat. Relaxation of the shooting arm is needed at time of shot, with only active mover muscles needing to be contracted while complimentary muscles should be relaxed and loose. Full follow through is important as players need to finish their in the goose full-neck position of their shooting hand with arms pointing towards the ceiling and hands pointing at the basket. Some other reasons for failure are interference of non- shooting hand, shooting ball too hard, high tension on the shooting arm, taking off the shot angle and leaning at the time of release (Alexander 17-18). As mentioned in the introduction, free throw shot are considered as some of the easiest shots for a professional basketball player to make. However, a decline in performance is witnessed in the free throw attempts of basketball athletes in their post-injury and aging days. This drop-off in free throw attempt numbers is also demonstrated in abysmal shot rates, plummeting usage rates and inability to create their own offense. Taken as a whole there is an expected and obvious drop in the efficiency of almost all athletes as they get grow old and start sustaining injuries. The reason behind this is simple physiology, as the body starts aging the ligaments and tendons start losing water, making them less elastic and more fragile. Knee troubles are common trouble for most experienced and newly retired basketball players as with age knee troubles start to disturb athletes (Wagner). Conclusion Every muscle in human body comprises of a network of fibers that are responsible for certain types of movements. When a human body engages in playing a game like basketball, these muscle fibers start to make the movements in conjunction with directions from your brain. This is seen functions like dribbling, running, passing, catching, rebounding, dunking and of course hitting free throws. The actions taken causes muscle contractions, that is, specific movement to lengthen, shorten and stay the same. While the free throw shot does not seem like an action that needs a lot of movement, muscle groups and joints in the body work together in isotonic contractions, creating the movement and allowing the body to perform even the most routine and fundamental actions. Works Cited Kozar, B., Vaughn, R. E., Lord, R. H., Whitfield, K. E. Basketball free-throw performance: practice implications. Journal of Sport Behavior. 18.2 (1995): 123-129. Kozar, B., Vaughn, R. E., Lord, R. H., Whitfield, K. E., Dve, B. â€Å"Importance of free throws at various stages of basketball games†. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 78.1 (1994): 243-248. Okubo, H., Hubbard, M. (2006). Dynamics of the basketball shot with application to the free throw. Journal of Sport Sciences, 24(12), 1303-1314. Alexander, M. Mechanics of the Basketball Free Throw. University of Manitoba. umanitoba.ca, n.d. Web. 10 Mar. 2014. Hess, C. â€Å"Analysis of the jump shot†. Athletic Journal, 61.3 (1980): 30-32. Martin, T. P. â€Å"Movement analysis applied to the basketball jump shot†. Physical Educator, 38.3 (1981): 127-133. Huston, R. L., Grau, C. A. â€Å"Basketball shooting strategies- the free throw, direct shot and layup†. Sports Engineering. 6.1 (2003): 49-64. Oddsson, L. â€Å"Co-ordination of a simple voluntary multi-joint movement with postural demands: trunk extension in standing man†. Acta Physiol Scand. 134.1 (1988): 109-118. Hudson, J. L. â€Å"Coordination of segments in the vertical jump†. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 18.2 (1986): 242-251. Wagner, K. â€Å"How An Achilles Tear Affects NBA Players (Or, Why Kobe Is Screwed)†. Regressing. regressing.deadspin.com. 15 Apr 2013. Web. 10 Mar 2014.

Korea Essay -- essays research papers

Korea What distinguishing factors help explain the rapid economic growth experienced by the South Korean economy over the past four decades? As the South Korean economy has reached a more mature stage of its economic growth, what are the evolving challenges it has had to face? What are its prospects of continued economic success in the increasingly globalised world economy? The rapid growth and development in the newly industrialising economies (NIE’s) in recent decades has been nothing short of spectacular. Now among the world’s most dynamic industrialised economies, the NIE’s of Singapore, Taiwan Hong Kong, and South Korea which will be the focus, stand as perhaps the best examples of successful economic development. The economic development of South Korea, which has been among the most rapid in the world is typical of the ‘miracle’ that is the NIEs. Korea has come far since the days it was ‘a nation of hungry rice farmers’, by pursuing an industrialisation-led development commitment since 1961, which has since produced annual GDP growth of 8.4% per annum, second only to China. The success of South Korea, has been identified by a number of factors including the shift away from import substitution strategies towards export orientated industrialisation, and the effective managing of the economy and authoritarian rule adopted by the government in order to accelerate the pace of capital accumulation, technical progress and structural change to produce economic growth beyond what could possibly occur in a free market economy. NIEs, South Korea, are now recognised as ‘export machines’ boasting some of the highest trade/GDP ratios in the world. International economic relations began in 1964 with the recognition of these limitation of the domestic market and the ineffectiveness of pursuing substitution industrialisation strategies. As part of its new strategy for export expansion the South Korean government introduced new measures which included the devaluation of the won, which improved the competitiveness of its exports and introduced incentives designed to channel resources into export-orientated industries. Exporters were also supported by direct cash payments, permission to retain foreign exchange earnings for the purchase of imports, and the exemption from virtually all import controls and tariffs. The government in consultation with firms, set up ex... ... favourable, but the high rate of success from the growth performance in the 1980’s will be difficult to replicate. The next phase of the Asian miracle that will involve China emerging as the world’s largest economy within 10 years and the re-emerging Japanese economy will provide substantial benefits for the Korean economy. Some important strengths of the economy include: a well educated and motivated workforce, a growing level of R&D, continued rates of high savings, greater regional trade links and potential for domestic growth through increased infrastructure investment, housing and personal consumption. In summation, South Korea is an economy which initially through selective government intervention and now through domestic and international reforms, sped to economic might. Although there are many challenges in the longer term making South Korea’s future uncertain, (including the reunification with the ailing, unstable North) the fact South Korea has come so far argues well for the future. If South Korea can make the necessary changes to its economy to become a sustained industrialised nation then it will certainly take its place as an economic leader in the near future.

Hiv Infection In Indonesia Health And Social Care Essay

Indonesia has among the fastest turning prevalence of people infected with HIV in Asiatic parts. However, the prevalence in Indonesia itself is still low: harmonizing to the Data and Information Centre from Indonesian Ministry of Health, around 0.2 per centum from the entire population. However, since Indonesia is the universe 4th most thickly settled state, this figure means that presently there are a sum of about 200.000 people populating with HIV in Indonesia ( UNAIDS, 2007 ) . From the informations in Indonesian Ministry of Health ( 2006 ) , we can besides see that 82 % of known people populating with HIV/AIDS is work forces and are concentrated within specific groups with specific behavior in the population: approximately 50.3 % of HIV infection instances are from shooting drug users, 40.3 % from unprotected heterosexual sex, while 4.2 % from unprotected homosexual sex. There are besides several surveies that show the HIV infections epidemic work forces who have sex with work forces communities in developing Asiatic states, including Indonesia ( Pisani et al. , 2004 ; Toole et al. , 2006 ; Wong, Zhang, Wu, Kong, & A ; Ling, 2006 ) . To reply with the HIV infections pandemic, the authorities, with the presidential edict figure 36/1994, established the National AIDS Commission. This committee were created to forestall and to take incorporate and co-ordinated, inter-sectoral actions against AIDS in Indonesia. This committee is headed by the Ministry of Welfare and besides with the coordination of other Ministries, such as Ministry of Health and Ministry of Internal Affairs ( Presiden Republik Indonesia, 1994 ) . It is aimed to forestall and to take actions against AIDS harmonizing to the current ordinances, in conformity with the planetary scheme set by the United Nations, and besides to increase community consciousness for AIDS and bettering the intersectoral, integrated and coordinated bar and actions against AIDS In 2003, another presidential edict was set up to better this committee. It stated that the committee actions are organizing steps in actions against AIDS, including bar, instruction, wellness service, surveillance, and control of AIDS, epidemiological observation on vulnerable populations at hazard of infecting HIV, wellness instruction, wellness run and regional and international cooperation in forestalling against AIDS ( Presiden Republik Indonesia, 2006 ) . 3. Is it bettering the status? The plan set up by the cardinal authorities, regional authorities, non governmental administration, and the support received from foreign givers in the signifier of HIV consciousness and bar plans throughout Indonesia have been bettering some of the state of affairs of HIV infection in Indonesia. A study on rubber usage in sex industry in Indonesia in 2004-2005 reported that 61 % of sex workers in whorehouses said that they had use a rubber in the last clip they sold sex. A prevalence of 57 % was found in sex workers who didnit work in a whorehouse. ( UNAIDS/WHO, 2008 ) . For shooting drug users, the plan is focused on cut downing the usage of non-sterile injecting equipment. In Jakarta and Medan, where plans such as these are making the injecting drug users, the study found out that more than 80 % of shooting drug users said that they ever used clean acerate leafs ( UNAIDS/WHO, 2008 ) . The injury decrease method, which has been set up as a theoretical account for Indonesian authorities to undertake the turning HIV infections from shooting drug users group in Indonesia, was established by the Sentani Commitment ( see Appendix ) , as an understanding between the National AIDS Commission and regional authoritiess ( National AIDS Commission, 2004 ) . While plans to forestall HIV infections in female sex workers and shooting drug users have been demoing some grade of success, another vulnerable populations is still hold lower precedence in AIDS bar plan. A study in 2004 mentioned HIV infection degrees of 2.5 % in work forces who have sex with work forces, 3.6 % among male sex workers, and 22 % on waria ( Indonesian term for transgender ) sex workers in Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia. Almost of them are practising hazardous sexual behavior. It is stated that 65 % of the male sex workers and 53 % of work forces who have sex with work forces in Indonesia reported holding insecure anal sex with male spouses and besides 54 % of the male sex workers reported that they had sex with adult females in the anterior twelvemonth ( Pisani et al. , 2004 ) . However, when we look at the tendencies in the undermentioned figure, we can clearly see the increasing figure of new instances of HIV infection found in Indonesia until 2006. ( Pusat Data dan Informasi Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, 2006 ) Besides we have another graph demoing the theoretical account to foretell the figure of HIV infections in Jakarta, merely from the informations taken from one population: the shooting drug users. ( UNAIDS/WHO, 2008 ) From the above graph, we can see that the state of affairs in Indonesia is still far from bettering. In add-on, although the overall HIV infection prevalence in Indonesia is still low, if we look into the parts of Indonesia, we have a figure every bit high as 2.4 % as the grownup prevalence rate of HIV infection in the Papua state ( Pusat Data dan Informasi Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, 2006 ) . The Ministry of Health vision of Healthy Indonesia by the twelvemonth 2010, which set a end of 0.9 per centum of maximal prevalence in 2010 ( Menteri Kesehatan RI, 2003 ) in all parts of Indonesia, seems farfetched. In the undermentioned subdivision, we will discourse jobs in the execution of the policy for HIV bar in Indonesia. 4. Problem in plan of HIV bar Although the authorities already put up a committee accountable straight to the president, we can see that the job with HIV infections in Indonesia is still turning. In the undermentioned, I would wish to discourse several points why the policy against HIV in Indonesia is still unable to accomplish its end ( such as in the Healthy Indonesia by 2010 ) . There are 4 chief jobs that I would discourse, two related to the mark of the plan, in covering with the sexual transmittal of HIV infection, and besides transmittal in shooting drug users. The others two related to the decentralization procedure in Indonesia and on support. 4.1. Extensive sex web and geographical difference Sexual activity industry in Indonesia itself is extended even though their legality is questioned. A study on 1994-1995 found that there were 71,281 sex workers in Indonesia ( Endang, Ivan, Walter, Noni, & A ; et al. , 2002 ) , even though the existent figure should be higher. Prostitution is non allowed in Indonesia, and sex workers who were caught beging in the streets can be sent to a rehabilitation cantonment. Nonetheless, whorehouses are slightly recognized particularly in the large metropoliss: they are non illegal, there are no regulations sing this, the illegality of harlotry merely concern on those who sell sex on the street. Therefore the local authoritiess have regulated sex works in these whorehouses, supplying wellness installations and put certain restrictions. However, this ill-defined position for whorehouses can present a job for keeping sustainable wellness plan in forestalling HIV infections. The huge parts in Indonesia besides made an obstruction in the plan to forestall HIV infections. In most Indonesian states, such as in Java, Bali, Sumatra, and others, the common transmittal of HIV infections is through shooting drug users. However, in Papua state, we have a different transmittal form. Papua is equaling Jakarta in footings of HIV infections prevalence: a prevalence of 2.4 % for overall grownup HIV prevalence, and this could make to every bit high as 3.2 % in distant Highlandss of the Papua state ( UNAIDS/WHO, 2008 ) . In this part, unprotected sex is the chief manner of transmittal. Based on informations from the UNAIDS/WHO, thereis a high proportion of work forces engaged in bad sex, with 25 % reported that they had sex with non regular spouse ( over half of it were paid sex ) and 20 % had more than one sexual spouse. From this study we can besides see that the usage of rubber is uncommon. It is reported that merely 14 % who said that they use rubbers for paid sex, and even merely 3 % said that they had usage rubber every clip in old month. Another job with the Papua state is sexual force. It was mentioned that 12 % of adult females has experience sexual force, even from their domestic spouse. Therefore, to forestall increasing HIV infection in Papua, the chief co ncern is to supply better sex instruction and besides to advance and to administer rubber throughout Papua part. ( UNAIDS, 2007 ) 4.2. Harm decrease policy for shooting drug user Even though the term of injury decrease itself is still controversial, whether it is a wide term of steps embracing schemes of restricting supply and minimising injury, merely like in Australia, or merely purely merely a portion of the scheme to undertake drug maltreatment specifically to understate the injury of utilizing drug ( Ball, 2007 ) . Harmonizing to Beyrer, Kumarasamy and Pizer ( 2005 ) , the jobs with the execution of harm decrease policy in Asia, including Indonesia, can be categorised into three classs. The first 1 is this policy is considered as a manner to state that it is wholly right to hold people who abuse drugs and that this behavior is merely an look from several people that tend to take hazards. The focal point of the injury decrease ( at least in the narrow definition ) so is to understate the injury from utilizing drugs irrespective whether the position of utilizing drug is right or incorrect or wherever the drug comes from, since it is the wellness sector itself would bear the brunt if HIV infections ( and besides Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C infections ) spreads from shooting drug users. Whether drug dependence itself pose a serious wellness job to the community, where increasing drug user would besides means increasing figure of neurologic disablement and psychosocial job, would be tackled by the r estriction of supply of drugs, non by the injury decrease system. I think that if Asiatic states, particularly Indonesia, want to to the full implement harm decrease policy, both understating the supply and pull offing the injury of drug maltreatment should set into pattern. Therefore, the injury from bad pattern of shooting drug users ( for illustration needle sharing ) can be minimised while effects of drugs to single and society itself can besides be minimised through controlling/ cut downing supply of drugs in the black market. However, it is interesting to see in Iran, another Asiatic states with high Muslim population, merely like Indonesia, that the caput of Persian Judiciary declare, sing on this quandary between public wellness and drug control, after sing the Islamic rule of idoing no injury to oneself or othersi and ithe worst injury is eliminated by a lesser harmi , that the public wellness is more of import in commanding the spread of HIV infections ( as the worst injury ) instead than command on drug maltreatment ( which considered as a lesser injury ) ( Ball, 2007 ) . The 2nd obstruction of harm decrease policy, as in many Asiatic states, is the legal system ( Beyrer et al. , 2005 ) . The current legal system in Indonesia still considers that the maltreatment of drugs is illegal and can be punished. The job arise with this is that the harm decrease policy is normally set up several topographic points for shooting drug user to entree clean acerate leafs and besides topographic points to dispose them decently. Injecting drug users besides need topographic point for them to acquire some intervention, instruction, and referral. If puting up these topographic points can present a menace in the security of the community and besides put on the lining the injecting drug users being caught by the constabulary, there should be some via media between the rights of shooting drug users and besides the rights of community for security. Therefore if we want to put up a safe oasis for shooting drug users so that they can safely derive entree of clean acerate leaf s, intervention, instruction and referral, the supplier of such topographic point must be able to supply legal protection for their client from being arrested in that topographic points. Obviously we should merely set safe sphere for shooting drug users everyplace, but we must understand foremost where shooting drug users needed largely. Another facet of the legal system is related to the position of possessing injection equipment: eg syringe. Although in Indonesia it is non illegal to transport needle syringe, nevertheless, it is regulated under prescription merely. In several states, there are Torahs that prohibit people to possess injecting equipment, but finally experience from developed states shows that if this ordinance is abolished, it truly removes the pattern of needle sharing between shooting drug users while does non truly hold much consequence on the prevalence of new user ( Deany, 2000 ) . In add-on to that, if the legal system can work to suit the injury decrease system, the constabulary can besides move an of import portion in HIV bar among shooting drug users. Police so should mention drug users for intervention instead than imprison them. Finally, the last obstruction is on fiscal support and coverage of harm decrease plan. Other than supplying a safe topographic point for shooting drug users, a plan on harm decrease of drug maltreatment must supply a continued supply of clean acerate leafs. They besides need human resources to run the plan such as checkups and paramedics, counselors, and others. Possibly it is difficult to set some money from the budget merely to isatisfyi the demand ( or rights? ) of shooting drug users, nevertheless, this is needed to forestall farther job in public wellness. And this job in support will be discussed in the following subdivision. From this we can see that the job is much clear: whether the society accepts such behaviors and trades with the injury caused by it and whether the authorities is willing to carry on such plan. 4.3. Problem in regional execution In 2007, 23 provincial authoritiess reduced their HIV budget by a sum of 5.72 billion rupiahs, to be put toward the outgo of regional election, even though President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono called for an addition in the stateis budget for HIV/AIDS during a cabinet meeting in July. In Papua, for illustration, the provincial authorities allocated Rp 10 one million millions for its regional AIDS committee in 2007, but merely 1 per centum of the budget was realised. The authorities did non see HIV/AIDS a precedence because the figure of septic people remained little compared to patients of other diseases. In December 2007 the Ministry of Health recorded 6,066 people with HIV and 11,141 with AIDS. The National AIDS Commission said it needs more than Rp 1.5 trillion in 2008 to cover with the virus, which most of the budget would be spent on bar plans, but the cardinal authorities has promised to supply Rp 1 trillion merely. The committee estimated the figure of people with HIV/AIDS would make 400,000 in 2010 and one million in 2015 across the state. ( The Jakarta Post, 2008 ) . 4.4. Problem on support and sustainibility In relation to the old treatment on regional execution of the policy, we can see that it was expected for the regional authorities to increase their disbursement on publicities against HIV infections. This is because Indonesia is still depending on foreign givers to undertake the issue of HIV infections. Foreign givers provide up to 70 per centum of financess to forestall HIV infections in Indonesia ( Pathoni, 2008 ) . However, givers such as the United States and Australia are expected to diminish AIDS-related aid partially because they now consider Indonesia a middle-income state. This means that plans on HIV bar in Indonesia should stress on sustainability. We shall look at one illustration: the Aksi Stop AIDS plan. The Aksi Stop AIDS plan is a plan of HIV bar where USAID, in cooperation with the Family Health International and working together with the authorities of Indonesia through the National Commission of AIDS ( Family Health International, 2007 ) . This plan is aimed to cut down incidence of STI/HIV/AIDS in most-at-risk groups ( MARGs ) thereby assisting to forestall a generalize epidemic and decreased incidence of STI/HIV/AIDS within the general population of Papua ( Family Health International, 2007, p. 5 ) . The plan itself were late came to an terminal in September 2008, where it was expected that we have ( Family Health International, 2007, p. 5 ) : i Increased coverage of most-at-risk groups with trim intercessions and improved utilizations of hazard decrease behaviors, patterns, and entree to and usage of services ; and i Increased ability of implementing bureaus to on a regular basis supervise, evaluate and better plan public presentation, therefore accomplishing expanded coverage. We can see that from this illustration that sustainability of the plan is really of import. After the plan ended, and we have the end product of improved implementing bureaus in HIV bar, therefore we can anticipate the result is the continuity of the HIV bar plan. 5. Decision In decision, we can see that although Indonesian policy on HIV bar is already set, they have to cover some of the issues which are different from other states: the extended sexual web, the geographical difference in HIV infection prevalence and chief method of transmittal, jobs in implementing the harm decrease policy for shooting drug user, jobs arose with decentralization, where regional authoritiess donit prioritise HIV bars, and besides the job with support and sustainability. In covering with the increasing figure if HIV infections in Indonesia, therefore we need to develop a better scheme which turn toing these issues.